Nooksack language

Nooksack
Pronunciation
Region	Whatcom County, Washington
Ethnicity	Nooksack people
Extinct	July 13, 1977, with the death of Sindick Jimmy
Revival	1 fluent L2 speaker (2020)
Language family	Salish Coast Salish Central Nooksack
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nok
Glottolog	nook1247
ELP	Template:Endangered Languages Project
Linguasphere	Template:Infobox language/lingualist
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Nooksack is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Nooksack (Template:Langx, ) is a Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Nooksack is spoken by the Nooksack people, who reside primarily along the Nooksack River in Whatcom County, Washington.

Linguistically, Nooksack is most closely related to the Squamish, shíshálh and Halkomelem languages, which are all spoken in nearby parts of British Columbia, Canada. Some researchers have questioned whether the Nooksack language is simply a divergent dialect of Halkomelem, but research has proved that Nooksack is in fact a distinct language.

The Nooksack language has only one fluent speaker as of 2020.

Usage and revitalization efforts

In the 1970s, the linguist Brent Galloway worked closely with the last remaining native speaker, Sindick Jimmy, to compile a dictionary of the Nooksack language. His book, Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language, was published in 2011. In 1977, Nooksack became extinct with the death of Jimmy.

Now, the Nooksack Indian Tribe has offered classes in the language. As of 2020, one fluent speaker remained, a Nooksack tribal member who has been part of the Lhéchelesem Teacher Training Language Immersion Project. In the project, students will spend mornings in language immersion, and afternoons working on special projects, focusing on the language use in one aspect of local native culture such as fishing or crafts. After two years, the students will obtain a certificate similar to an associate degree, and after four years they will be fully qualified language teachers, with the equivalent of a Bachelor of Arts. The aim is to revive the use of the Lhéchelesem language in all aspects of daily life. The program has an annual budget of $110,000, with 60 percent funded by the Administration for Native Americans (ANA) and 40 percent funded by the Nooksack Indian Tribe.

Phonology

Vowels

The following table includes all the vowel sounds found in the Nooksack language.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		(u)
Mid		ə	o
Open	æ	a

Consonants

The following table includes all the consonant sounds found in the Nooksack language.

		Labial	Alveolar			Post- alveolar	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
			plain	sibilant	lateral		plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Stop	plain	p	t	t͡s		t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ʃʼ		k'ʷ	qʼ	q'ʷ
Fricative	plain			s	ɬ	ʃ	x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	h
	ejective				ɬʼ
Sonorant	plain	m	n		l	j		w
	glottalized					jʼ

Orthography

Letter	IPA
a
ch	//
ch'
e	/
h
i
k
k'	k̓
kw
kw'
l
lh
m
n
o
o̱
p
p'
q
q'
qw
qw'
s
sh
t
t'
th	/θ/
th'	/θʼ/
tl'
ts
ts'
u
w
x
xw
x̱
x̱w
y
7

In addition, the diacritic "ː" indicates that the preceding sound is long (e.g. , ). An acute accent (´) is placed on the accented syllable.

References

• Nooksack Tribe page
• Richardson, Allan; Brent, Galloway (2011). Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 9780774820455.

External links

• Vocabulary Words in Native American Languages: Nooksack
• OLAC resources in and about the Nooksack language