Nothosaurus

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Nothosaurus ('false lizard', from the Ancient Greek Template:Langx and Template:Langx) is an extinct genus of sauropterygian reptile from the Triassic period, approximately 245–228 million years ago, with fossils being distributed throughout the former Tethys Ocean, from North Africa and Europe to China. It is the best known member of the nothosaur order.

Description

Nothosaurus mirabilis
Life restoration

Nothosaurus was a semi-oceanic animal which most likely had a lifestyle similar to that of today's seals. It was about 4 metres (13 ft), with long, webbed toes and possibly a fin on its tail.[1] However, some species such as N. zhangi and N. giganteus were larger, up to 5–7 metres (16–23 ft).[2] When swimming, Nothosaurus would use its tail, legs, and webbed feet to propel and steer it through the water. The skull was broad and flat, with long jaws, lined with needle teeth, it probably caught fish and other marine creatures. Trackways attributed, partly by process of elimination, to a nothosaur that was reported from Yunnan, China in June 2014, were interpreted as the paddle impressions left as the animals dug into soft seabed with rowing motions of their paddles, churning up hidden benthic creatures that they snapped up.[3] Once caught, few animals would be able to shake themselves free from the mouth of Nothosaurus.

Size estimation of N. mirabilis

In many respects its body structure resembled that of the much later plesiosaurs, but it was not as well adapted to an aquatic environment. It is thought that one branch of the nothosaurs may have evolved into pliosaurs such as Liopleurodon, a short-necked plesiosaur that grew up to 6.4 metres (21 ft), and the long-necked Cryptoclidus, a fish eater with a neck as long as 1.3 metres (4.3 ft).

Species

Nothosaurus jagisteus

There are nearly a dozen known species of Nothosaurus. The type species is N. mirabilis, named in 1834 from the Germanic Muschelkalk. Other species include N. giganteus (previously known as Paranothosaurus) from Osnabrück, Germany;[4] N. juvenilis, also from Germany;[5] N. edingerae from the Upper Muschelkalk and Lower Keuper;[6] N. haasi and N. tchernovi from Makhtesh Ramon, Palestine;[7][8] N. cymatosauroides from the Spanish Muschelkalk;[9] N. jagisteus from the Upper Muschelkalk of Hohenlohe, Germany;[10] and N. youngi, N. yangjuanensis (and its junior synonym N. rostellatus) and the recently named N. zhangi from Guizhou, China.[11][12][13][14] Several species have been described from the Lower Muschelkalk in Winterswijk, the Netherlands, including N. marchicus[15] (and its junior synonym[16] N. winterswijkensis[15]) and N. winkelhorsti.[17] Recently, the long considered lost type material of N. schimperi Meyer, 1842 from the Lower Muschelkalk of Soultz-les-Bains, Alsace, France, has been rediscovered and a lectotype has been designated.[18]

Klein and Albers (2009) conducted a phylogenetic analysis, but did not test the monophyly of Nothosaurus, as other nothosaurids were not included in their analysis.[17]

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Several other species have been named but are now generally considered invalid. One such species, N. procerus, is now considered a junior subjective synonym of N. marchicus.[19][20] Other species now considered junior synonyms of N. marchicus include N. crassus, N. oldenburgi, N. raabi, N. schroderi, N. venustus and the recently named N. winterswijkensis.[16] Junior synonyms of N. giganteus, the second largest Nothosaurus species, include N. andriani, N. angustifronis, N. aduncidens, N. baruthicus and N. chelydrops.[14]

A species level phylogenetic analysis of Nothosauridae was performed by Liu et al. (2014), and included all known valid species of the family and Nothosaurus apart from Lariosaurus stensioi (type of Micronothosaurus), Nothosaurus cymatosauroides, and Ceresiosaurus lanzi. Due to the inclusion of other nothosaurids other than Nothosaurus, the monophyly of Nothosaurus was tested for the first time. The analysis found both Lariosaurus and Nothosaurus to be polyphyletic in regard to each other and all the other genera of the family, making a systematic revision of these two genera necessary. Below, their results are shown with type species of named nothosaurid genera noted.[14] Later, in 2017, the species N. juvenilis, N. youngi, and N. winkelhorsti were formally moved to Lariosaurus.[21]

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References

  • Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 384

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Liu, Jun (27 November 2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implications for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.
  3. ^ (LiveScience) Tia Ghose, "Ancient long-necked 'sea monsters' rowed their way to prey", reporting the scientific article published in Nature Communications 11 June 2014: accessed 28 November 2014.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diedrich, C. (2009). "The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 273 (1): 1–16. Bibcode:2009PPP...273....1D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.026.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rieppel, O. (1994). "The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany". Palaeontology. 37: 733–745.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rieppel, O.; Wild, R. (1994). "Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence". Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; Tchernov, E. (1997). "Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 325 (12): 991–997. Bibcode:1997CRASE.325..991R. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(97)82380-4.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; Tchernov, E. (1999). "Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel". Fieldiana. 1 (40).
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rieppel, O.; Hagdorn, H. (1998). "Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 13 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/08912969809386575.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shang, Q.-H. (2007). "New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia)". Palaeoworld. 16 (1–3): 254–263. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.007.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Li, J.; Rieppel, O. (2004). "A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 42 (1): 1–12.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; Sun, Z. (2006). "Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006 (5): 257–276. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/257.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shang, Q.-H. (2006). "A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 44 (3): 237–249.
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jun Liu; Shi-xue Hu; Olivier Rieppel; Da-yong Jiang; Michael J. Benton; Neil P. Kelley; Jonathan C. Aitchison; Chang-yong Zhou; Wen Wen; Jin-yuan Huang; Tao Xie; Tao Lv (2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implication for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Albers, P. C. H. (2005). "A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis". Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3 (1): 1–7.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Albers, P.C.H. (August 2011). "New Nothosaurus skulls from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Lower Saxony Basin (Winterswijk, the Netherlands) shed new light on the status of Nothosaurus winterswijkensis". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 90 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000639. S2CID 86305887.
  17. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klein, N.; Albers, P. C. H. (2009). "A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 589–598. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0083.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brignon, A. (2021). "L'histoire de la paléontologie des vertébrés dans le Trias alsacien jusqu'au début du XXe siècle". Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle et d'Ethnographie de Colmar. 77 (8): 70–136.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schroder, H. (1914). "Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias". Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt. Neue Folge. 65: 1–98.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rieppel, O.; Wild, R. (1996). "A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus". Fieldiana. 1 (34): 1–82.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lin, W.-B.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O.; Motani, R.; Ji, C.; Tintori, A.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Zhou, Min (2017). "A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2) e1278703. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703. S2CID 90181915.

General references

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  • Dixon, Dougal (2006). The Complete Book of Dinosaurs. Hermes House.
  • Haines, Tim, and Paul Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Pg. 64. Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006

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