Novarupta

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Novarupta[a] is a volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula on a slope of Trident Volcano in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about 290 miles (470 km) southwest of Anchorage. Novarupta was formed in 1912, during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, in which it released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Eruption of 1912

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1912 eruption of Novarupta
VolcanoNovarupta
Start dateJune 6, 1912
TypeUltra Plinian
LocationAleutian Range, Alaska
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File:Novarupta.png
Novarupta geologic cross section

The 1912 eruption that formed Novarupta was the largest to occur during the 20th century. It began on June 6, 1912, and culminated in a series of violent eruptions. Rated a 6 on the volcanic explosivity index,[5] the 60-hour-long eruption expelled 3.1 to 3.6 cubic miles (13 to 15 km3) of ash, thirty times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.[6][7][8] The erupted magma of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite[9] resulted in more than 4.1 cubic miles (17 km3) of air fall tuff and approximately 2.6 cubic miles (11 km3) of pyroclastic ash-flow tuff.[10] During the 20th century, only the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and the 1902 eruption of Santa María in Guatemala were of comparable magnitude; Mount Pinatubo ejected 2.6 cubic miles (11 km3) of tephra,[11] and Santa María just slightly less.

The Novarupta eruption occurred about Template:Cvt from the peak of Mount Katmai Volcano and Template:Cvt below the post-eruption Mount Katmai summit. During the eruption a large quantity of magma erupted from beneath the Mount Katmai area, resulting in the formation of a 1.2-mile (2 km) wide, funnel-shaped vent and the collapse of Mount Katmai's summit, creating a 2,000-foot (600 m) deep,[6] 1.9 by 2.5 mi (3 by 4 km) caldera.[12]

The eruption ended with the extrusion of a lava dome of rhyolite[9] that plugged the vent. The 295-foot (90 m) high and 1,180-foot (360 m) wide dome it created forms what is now referred to as Novarupta.[13]

Despite the magnitude of the eruption, no deaths directly resulted.[14]Template:Rp[15] Eyewitness accounts from people located downwind in the path of a thick ash cloud described the gradual lowering of visibility to next to nothing.[16] Ash threatened to contaminate drinking water and destroyed food resources, but the Alaska Natives were aided in their survival by traditional knowledge passed down through generations from previous eruptions. However, the Native villages experiencing the heaviest ash falls were abandoned and the inhabitants relocated.[16]

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

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Pyroclastic flows from the eruption formed the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, named by botanist Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916.[14][17]

The eruption that formed the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is one of the few in recorded history to have produced welded tuff, resulting in numerous fumaroles that persisted for 15 years.[18]

File:Colorful ash Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.jpg
Colorful ash in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

Katmai National Park

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Established as a National Park & Preserve in 1980, Katmai is located on the Alaska Peninsula, across from Kodiak Island, with headquarters in nearby King Salmon, about 290 mi (470 km) southwest of Anchorage. The area was originally designated a National Monument in 1918 to protect the area around the 1912 eruption of Novarupta and the 40-square-mile (104 km2), 100-to-700-foot (30 to 210 m) deep, pyroclastic flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Novarupta has been translated from Latin to multiple English meanings, including "newly erupted",[1] "new eruption",[2] "new break",[3] and "new vent".[4]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Katmai National Park and Preserve. "Hiking the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes" (PDF). NPSHistory.com. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve". Alaska Historical Society. February 10, 2014.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Novarupta". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Isgett, Samantha J. Conduit and Eruption Dynamics of the 1912 Vulcanian Explosions at Novarupta, Alaska (PDF) (Thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. hdl:10125/62457. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simkin, Tom; Siebert, Lee; Blong, Russell J. (1994). Volcanoes of the World. Tucson, Arizona: Geoscience Press, Inc. p. 117. ISBN 0-945005-12-1.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brantley, Steven R. (January 4, 1999). Volcanoes of the United States. Online Version 1.1. United States Geological Survey. p. 30. ISBN 0-16-045054-3. OCLC 156941033. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes; Hendley II, James W.; Stauffer, Peter H. (1998). "Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska?". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 075-98. Template:Academia.edu Template:HSDL.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes (December 11, 2004). "The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska". Bulletin of Volcanology. 54 (8). Springer: 646–684. Bibcode:1992BVol...54..646F. doi:10.1007/BF00430778. S2CID 86862398.
  9. ^ a b Wood, C.A. and Kienle, J. (editors) (1990) Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Template:ISBN, p. 70.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes (2000). "Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-489. Open-File Report: 22. Bibcode:2000usgs.rept...22F. doi:10.3133/ofr00489. Template:DGGS.
  11. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  12. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rosi, Mauro; Papale, Paolo; Lupi, Luca; Stoppato, Marco (2003). Volcanoes. Firefly Books. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-55297-683-8. OCLC 53901499.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Griggs, Robert F. (1922). The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Washington, D.C., USA: National Geographic Society. p. 192.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Novarupta – Historic eruptions". Alaska Volcano Observatory. November 6, 2012. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schaaf, Jeanne. "Witness: Firsthand Accounts of the Largest Volcanic Eruption in the Twentieth Century". Alaska Park Science. 11 (1).
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clemens, Janet; Norris, Frank (1999). Building in an Ashen Land – Historic Resource Study of Katmai National Park and Preserve. Anchorage, Alaska: National Park Service, Alaska Support Office. Chapter 4. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hildreth, Wes (October 1983). "The compositionally zoned eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Thousand smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 18 (1–4). Elsevier: 1–56. Bibcode:1983JVGR...18....1H. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90003-3.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Katmai National Park and Preserve (June 29, 2008). "Katmai National Park & Preserve". National Park Service. Welcome to Katmai Country. Retrieved September 14, 2008.

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