Nso language

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Nsɔ
Lamnsɔ’
Native toCameroon
Native speakers
240,000 in Cameroon (2005)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3lns
Glottologlamn1239
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Nsọ[2]
PeopleNsọ
LanguageLam-Nsọ’

Nso (Lamnso, Lamnsɔ’) is the Grassfields language of the Nso people of western Cameroon. A few may remain in Nigeria. It has ten major noun classes.[3] The ISO 639-3 code is lns.[4] Nso is spoken by over 100,000 people.[5]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial-
velar 		Glottal
plain sibilant
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless (p) t (t͡s) t͡ʃ k k͡p ʔ
voiced b d (d͡z) d͡ʒ ɡ ɡ͡b
prenasal vl. ⁿt (ⁿt͡s) ᶮt͡ʃ ᵑk ᵑᵐk͡p
prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd (ⁿd͡z) ᶮd͡ʒ ᵑɡ ᵑᵐɡ͡b
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ (h)
voiced v ɣ
prenasal ᶬf ⁿs ᶮʃ
Tap ɾ
Approximant l j w
  • Stop sounds /b, t, d, k, ɡ/ may have affricated phonetic variants as [b͡v, t͡s, d͡z~ɖ͡ʐ, k͡f, ɡ͡v] when occurring before /ə/. Sounds /ɣ, m/ may have variants as [ɣ͡v, ᶬv] when in the same position.
  • Sounds /p/ and /h/ only occur in interjections, ideophones or loanwords.
  • /p, t, k/ may also have aspirated allophones [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial positions.
  • Prenasal fricative sounds /ᶬf, ⁿs, ᶮʃ/ may also have allophones as prenasal affricate [ᶬp͡f, ⁿt͡s, ᶮt͡ʃ] sounds.
  • Sounds /d͡ʒ, ʃ, k, ɡ, m, ŋ/ may be labialized as [d͡ʒʷ, ʃʷ, kʷ, ɡʷ, mʷ, ŋʷ] when before a vowel, and occurring only in the first syllable.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ~ e ə ɔ ~ o
Open a
  • Vowels are lengthened as /iː, eː, əː, aː, oː, uː/.
  • Sounds /ɛ, ɔ/ may also be heard as close-mid [e, o] in free variation.
  • Vowels /i, a, u/ are heard as [ɪ, ɜ, ʊ] when before /ʔ/ or nasal sounds.[6]

Writing System

Nso uses an orthography based on the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages (AGLC). An orthography had initially been created before being modified to follow the recommendations of the AGLC.[7]

Nso alphabet
a b c d e ə f g h i j k l m n ŋ o p r s t u v w y z ʼ

Nso uses 23 digraphs ⟨bv, dz, gb, gh, gv, gw, jw, kf, kp, kw, mb, mf, mt, mv, nj, ns, nt, ny, ŋg, ŋk, ŋw, sh, ts⟩ and 7 trigraphs ⟨ghv, mbv, ndz, nsh, ŋgv, ŋgw, shw⟩. Long vowels are indicating by doubling the vowel ⟨aa, ee, əə, ii, oo, uu⟩. Diphthongs are noted ⟨ay, ey, əy, oy, uy, iy⟩.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The high tone is indicated with the acute accent and the low tone with the grave accent on the vowel.

Phrases

  • Script error: No such module "lang". Thank you.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". You are welcome.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". What news? (Greeting).
  • Script error: No such module "lang". No news (Reply) or Script error: No such module "lang". I am fine.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good morning.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". How did you sleep?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good afternoon.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good evening.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Sleep well.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good bye until tomorrow.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Sweet dreams.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". And to you.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". God bless you (Greeting).
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good luck.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Safe journey.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Give me.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Where are you going?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". What is your name?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". My name is Lukong.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Whose child are you?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I am Lukong's child.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Who is the traditional ruler of Nso?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I am hungry.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I am thirsty.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I love you.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Marry me.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Where are you going?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Forgive me
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I have a bag
  • Script error: No such module "lang". The grass is growing
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Shift it further away
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Who is this?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Loving is good

Animal names

  • Script error: No such module "lang".: leopard
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: dog
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: monkey
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: elephant
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: lion
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: duiker
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: goat
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sheep
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: buffalo
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: squirrel
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: serpent
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cricket
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: spider
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: tarantula
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: hyena
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: chicken
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: he-goat
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: lizard
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: bat

Other nouns

  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sun
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: water
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: book
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: pineapple
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: house
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: roof
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: floor
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: door
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: chair
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: rug
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cooking pot
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: (typically a small bowl)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cup
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: basket
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: farm
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: firewood
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: pepper
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: spoon
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: junction
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: house of worship (church)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: vehicle
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: rice
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: roof
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: file
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Irish potato
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sweet potato
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cocoyam
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: banana
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: meat
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: walking stick
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: mom (mother)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: dad (father)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sister (relative)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: brother (relative)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: relative (A general sense. Example: * Script error: No such module "lang".: I am your relative)

Script error: No such module "lang".:Stick insect

Adjectives

  • Script error: No such module "lang".: hot
  • Script error: No such module "lang". : cold
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Heavy.
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Dark.
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: White
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Bitter.
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Sweet
  • nyaaŋ: Calm

References

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  1. ^ Nsɔ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laura W. McGarrity and Robert Botne. "BETWEEN AGREEMENT AND CASE MARKING IN LAMNSO" (PDF).
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ISO 639 code sets". www.sil.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.paul peek. "Lamnso". Flw.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anderson, Stephen C. (2015). A phonological sketch of Lamnso'. Yaoundé: SIL.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Orthography and identity in Cameroon | Cameroon". www.silcam.org.

Bibliography

  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Banyee, William (25 November 2015). "Spelling and pronunciation in Lamso". The Nso heritage. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  • McGarrity, Laura and Botne, Robert (2001). Between Agreement and Case Marking in Lamnso. IUWPL 3: Explorations in African Linguistics: From Lamnso' to Sesotho (2001), edited by Robert Botne and Rose Vondrasek, pp. 53–70. Bloomington, IN: Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.

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