Nymphon

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Nymphon is a genus of sea spiders in the family Nymphonidae.[1][2] The species within this genus are all benthic organisms found in most major oceans across the globe from the littoral zones to the deep sea, with a strong distribution around polar regions: Arctic and Antarctic waters.[3] Out of the sea spider genus, Nymphon is the most diverse with over 200 species had been described,[4] with a majority of them being found in the Southern Ocean region.[5] This genus may also contain bioluminescent species.[6]

Distribution

Sea spiders in general are found all around the globe. The Nymphon genus has been commonly found in waters of higher latitudes and is associated with polar regions and having a more circumpolar distribution than other genus of sea spider. They are extremely abundant within polar regions, with Nymphon having the most species found in polar waters.[7] In relation to the benthos, mainly inhabit marine fauna and are often found around sessile communities.[8]

Feeding

Generally, it is thought that Nymphon feed on hydroids, actinians, bryozoans, molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, and detritus. They have strong associations with corals and algae. However, feeding behavior in relation to coral and algae has not been observed and there is no current evidence of finding coral or algae material in their gut.[9]

Species

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References

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  1. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anna SM, Tomás M (2011). "A new species of Nymphon Fabricius, 1794 (Pycnogonida: Nymphidae) from northern Spain". Zootaxa. 2798 (1): 31–36. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2798.1.2.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mercier A, Baillon S, Hamel JF (December 2015). "Life history and feeding biology of the deep-sea pycnogonid Nymphon hirtipes". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 106: 1–8. Bibcode:2015DSRI..106....1M. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.08.015.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Takahashi, Yoshie; Kajihara, Hiroshi; Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2012). "Sea spiders of the genus Nymphon (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from waters around the Nansei Islands, Japan". Journal of Natural History. 46 (21–22): 1337–1358. Bibcode:2012JNatH..46.1337T. doi:10.1080/00222933.2012.655797. ISSN 0022-2933.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mahon AR, Arango CP, Halanych KM (2008-09-01). "Genetic diversity of Nymphon (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida: Nymphonidae) along the Antarctic Peninsula with a focus on Nymphon australe Hodgson 1902". Marine Biology. 155 (3): 315–323. Bibcode:2008MarBi.155..315M. doi:10.1007/s00227-008-1029-5. S2CID 18420829.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Herring PJ (May 1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munilla T, Membrives AS (April 2009). "Check-list of the pycnogonids from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters: zoogeographic implications". Antarctic Science. 21 (2): 99–111. Bibcode:2009AntSc..21...99M. doi:10.1017/S095410200800151X. S2CID 56023359.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bamber RN (2009). "Sea-Spiders". In Wehrtmann IS, Cortés J (eds.). Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Vol. 86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 307–311. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8_28. ISBN 978-1-4020-8277-1.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dietz L, Dömel JS, Leese F, Lehmann T, Melzer RR (December 2018). "Feeding ecology in sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida): what do we know?". Frontiers in Zoology. 15 (1) 7. doi:10.1186/s12983-018-0250-4. PMC 5856303. PMID 29568315.

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