Oligodon
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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox".
Oligodon is genus of colubrid snakes that was first described by Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1826.[1] This genus is widespread throughout central and tropical Asia. The snakes of this genus are commonly known as kukri snakes.[3]
Description
The species in the genus Oligodon are egg eaters and are usually under 90 cm (35 in) in total length (including tail). Different species display widely variable patterns and colorations. They subsist mostly by scavenging the eggs of birds and reptiles. Besides eggs, species of this genus also feeds on lizards, frogs, and small rodents.
Oligodon is a rear-fanged snake genus. All member species have a set of enlarged teeth placed in the back of the upper jaws, as well as functional Duvernoy's glands. They are not dangerous to humans, though. Bites by some species have been reported to bleed excessively, suggesting presence of anticoagulants in the Duvernoy's gland secretions.[4] Species of Oligodon are mostly nocturnal, and live on the floor of mature forests.
The common name of the genus comes from the kukri, a distinctively shaped Nepalese knife, which is similar in shape to the broad, flattened, curved hind teeth of Oligodon species. These teeth are specially adapted for their main diet of eggs; the teeth cut open eggs as they are being swallowed by the snake, allowing for easier digestion.[citation needed]
At least three species (O. fasciolatus, O. formosanus and O. ocellatus) will slice open the abdomens of frogs and toads and devour their internal organs, before finally swallowing the prey whole (if the prey is not too large to be swallowed). That toads can be swallowed whole suggests that at least some species are immune to toad bufotoxin.[5]
-
O. fasciolatus eating Asian common toad -
O. ocellatus eating an Asian common toad. -
O. formosanus eating a banded bullfrog
Species
There are 91 recognized species in the genus Oligodon according to the Reptile Database as of October 2025.[2]
The source column gives direct links to the sources used:
- IUCN description of species at International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List categories are:
- Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Extinct, Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Extinct in the Wild
- Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Critically Endangered, Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Endangered, Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Vulnerable
- Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Near Threatened, Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Least Concern
- Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Data Deficient, Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". - Not Evaluated
- RDB description of species at Reptile Database.
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Oligodon.
| Image | Common name | Species | Geographic range | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Western Kukri WG.jpg | Western kukri snake, Malabar brown kukri snake | O. affinis
Günther, 1862 |
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon albocinctus.jpg | Light-barred kukri snake | O. albocinctus | Nepal, Bangladesh, India (Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar, Vietnam, China (Tibet, Yunnan) | RDB | |
| Northern short-headed snake | O. ancorus
(Girard, 1858) |
Philippines (Mindoro, Luzon) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Annam kukri snake | O. annamensis
Leviton, 1953 |
Vietnam (Lam Dang Province) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Spotted kukri snake, ringed kukri snake | O. annulifer
(Boulenger, 1893) |
Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:BandedKukriSnake-June2015-01.JPG | Russet kukri snake, common kukri snake, banded kukri | O. arnensis
(Shaw, 1802) |
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India (West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab), Pakistan, Nepal | RDB | |
| File:Oligodon barroni, Barron's kukri snake - Tha Yang District, Phetchaburi (28042483455).jpg | Barron's kukri snake | O. barroni
(M.A. Smith, 1916) |
Thailand, Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, South Laos | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Javanese mountain kukri snake, Boie's kukri snake | O. bitorquatus
F. Boie, 1827 |
Indonesia (Java, possibly South Sumatra and Sumbawa) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Double-striped kukri snake | O. bivirgatus
T. Qian, S. Qi, J. Shi, Y. Lu, R.W. Jenkins, Y. Mo & P. Li, 2021 |
China (Hainan) | RDB | ||
| Boo-Liat's kukri snake | O. booliati [7] Leong & Grismer, 2004 | Malaysia (Tioman island) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon brevicauda by Sandeep Das.jpg | Short-tailed kukri snake, shorthead kukri snake | O. brevicauda
Günther, 1862 |
India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Templeton's kukri snake | O. calamarius
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sri Lanka | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | RDB | |
| File:Oligodon catenatus Hardwicke.jpg | Assam kukri snake | O. catenatus
(Blyth, 1854) |
India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, South China (Guangdong, Guangxi) | RDB | |
| Chinese kukri snake | O. chinensis
(Günther, 1888) |
southern China, northern Vietnam | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon churahensis (10.3897-evolsyst.5.72564) Figure 6 (cropped).jpg | Churah Valley kukri snake | O. churahensis | India (Himachal Pradesh) | [8] | |
| Cicada-eating kukri snake | O. cicadophagus | Thailand | |||
| File:Black cross-barred Kukri snake Oligodon cinereus.jpg | Black cross-barred kukri snake, ashy kukri snake, golden kukri snake, Günther's kukri snake | O. cinereus
(Günther, 1864) |
India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh), Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, China (Yunnan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| O. condaoensis
S.N. Nguyen, V.D.H. Nguyen, S.H. Le & R. Murphy, 2016 |
S Vietnam (Hon Ba Island) | RDB | |||
| Pegu kukri snake | O. cruentatus
(Günther, 1868) |
Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| O. culaochamensis
S.N. Nguyen et al., 2017 |
Vietnam | RDB | |||
| North-east Indian kukri snake, Cantor's kukri snake | O. cyclurus
(Cantor, 1839)[9] |
India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China (Yunnan), Nepal, Bangladesh | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon deuvei, Deuve's kukri snake - Mueang Loei District, Loei Province (40930180123).jpg | O. deuvei [10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 |
Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, North East Thailand | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon dorsalis Hardwicke.jpg | Gray's kukri snake, Bengalese kukri snake | O. dorsalis
(Gray & Hardwicke, 1835) |
India (Assam), Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand | RDB | |
| Eberhardt's kukri snake | O. eberhardti
Pellegrin, 1910 |
Vietnam, China (Guangxi, Fujian), possibly Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Nagarkot kukri snake | O. erythrogaster
Boulenger, 1907 |
Central and East Nepal, India (Sikkim) | RDB | ||
| Red-striped kukri snake, Namsang kukri snake | O. erythrorhachis
Wall, 1910 |
India (Arunachal Pradesh) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Jewelled kukri snake, Everett's kukri snake[11] | O. everetti
Boulenger, 1893 |
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Banded Kukri Snake (Oligodon fasciolatus) (7783163348).jpg | Small-banded kukri snake, fasciolated kukri snake | O. fasciolatus
(Günther, 1864) |
Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Forbes' kukri snake[12] | O. forbesi
(Boulenger, 1883) |
Indonesia (Selaru and Yamdena in Tanimbar Islands) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon formosanus.jpg | Taiwan kukri snake, Formosa kukri snake | O. formosanus
(Günther, 1872) |
Vietnam, Taiwan, South Japan (Ryukyu Islands, primarily Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), South China (Chekiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Nan Ao Island, Hainan, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Zhejiang, Yunnan) | RDB | |
| Hampton's kukri snake | O. hamptoni
Boulenger, 1918 |
Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon huahin, Hua Hin kukri snake - Kaeng Krachan National Park (32625377028).jpg | Hua Hin Kukri Snake | O. huahin[13] Pauwels, Larsen, Suthanthangjai, David & Sumontha, 2017 | Thailand (Hua Hin) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | |
| Inornate kukri snake, unicolored kukri snake | O. inornatus
(Boulenger, 1914) |
Cambodia, North and East Thailand | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Jintakune's kukri snake | O. jintakunei [14] Pauwels, Wallach, David, Chanhome, 2002 | South Thailand | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Grey kukri snake, Joynson's kukri snake | O. joynsoni
(M.A. Smith, 1917) |
northern Thailand, possibly Laos, Myanmar, China (Yunnan) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Walnut kukri snake | O. juglandifer
(Wall, 1909) |
India (Sikkim), West Bhutan | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| O. kampucheaensis[15] Neang, Grismer & Daltry, 2012 | Cambodia | RDB | |||
| File:Full body shot of Coral red kukri (Oligodon kheriensis) from Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.jpg | coral red kukri snake | O. kheriensis[16] Acharji & Ray, 1936 | India (Uttar Pradesh), Southwest Nepal | RDB | |
| Lacroix kukri snake[17] | O. lacroixi | China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Vietnam | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Medog kukri snake | O. lipipengi
Jiang, Wang, Li, Ding, Ding & Che, 2020 |
China (Tibet) | RDB | ||
| O. lungshenensis | China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | ||
| Angel's kukri snake | O. macrurus
(Angel, 1927) |
Vietnam | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Barred short-headed snake, spotted kukri snake | O. maculatus
(Taylor, 1918) |
Philippines (Mindanao) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Arakan kukri snake, McDougall's kukri snake | O. mcdougalli
Wall, 1905 |
Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Bluebelly kukri snake | O. melaneus
Wall, 1909 |
India | RDB | ||
| Abor Hills kukri snake | O. melanozonatus
Wall, 1922 |
India, China (Tibet) | RDB | ||
| Sulu short-headed snake, Meyerink's kukri snake | O. meyerinkii
(Steindachner, 1891) |
Philippine Islands (Bongao, Jolo, Papahang, Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi in Sulu Archipelago), possibly Malaysia (Sabah) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Spotted-bellied short-headed snake, Luzon kukri snake | O. modestus
Günther, 1864 |
Philippines (Mindanao, Negros, Tablas, Panay, Cebu, possibly Luzon) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Morice's kukri snake[18] | O. moricei [10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 | Southern Vietnam | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Oligodon mouhoti.jpg | Cambodian kukri snake, Mouhot's kukri snake[18] | O. mouhoti
(Boulenger, 1914) |
Cambodia, East Thailand | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Nagao kukri snake | O. nagao[19] David, T.Q. Nguyen, T. Nguyen, Jiang, T. Chen, Teynié & Ziegler, 2012 | Northern Vietnam, Southwest China (Guangxi), Laos | RDB | ||
| Nikhil's kukri snake | O. nikhili | India (Tamil Nadu) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Palawan kukri snake, Palawan short-headed snake | O. notospilus
Günther, 1873 |
Philippine Islands (Palawan, Busuanga, Balabac, Mindanao) | RDB | ||
| Eyed kukri snake, ocellated kukri snake | O. ocellatus
(Morice, 1875) |
Cambodia, Lao, southern Vietnam | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) (6749975673).jpg | Eight-lined kukri snake, eight-striped kukri snake, Grace's kukri snake | O. octolineatus
(Schneider, 1801) |
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Ornate kukri snake | O. ornatus
Van Denburgh, 1909 |
China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Perkin's short-headed snake | O. perkinsi
(Taylor, 1925) |
Philippines (Palawan, Culion and Calauit Islands) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Petronella's[20] kukri snake | O. petronellae
Roux, 1917 |
Indonesia (Sumatra) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Pha-Ngan kukri snake | O. phangan | Thailand (Surat Thani Province: Pha-Ngan Island) | RDB | ||
| O. planiceps
(Boulenger, 1888) |
Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | ||
| Pulau Weh kukri snake | O. praefrontalis
F. Werner, 1913 |
Indonesia (Weh Island) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| O. promsombuti
Pauwels, Thongyai, Chantong, & Sumontha, 2021 |
Thailand (Surat Thani Province, Trang Province: Na Yong District) | RDB | |||
| Bleeker's Kukri Snake | O. propinquus
Jan, 1862 |
Indonesia (Java) | RDB | ||
| False striped kukri snake | O. pseudotaeniatus[10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008 | Thailand | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| O. pulcherrimus
F. Werner, 1909 |
Indonesia (Sumatra) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | ||
| File:Oligod purpu 110417-14780 tsa.jpg | Purple kukri snake, brown kukri snake | O. purpurascens
(Schlegel, 1837) |
Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Long-snouted kukri snake | O. rostralis
H.N. Nguyen, Tran, L.H. Nguyen, Neang, Yushchenko & Poyarkov, 2020 |
Vietnam | |||
| File:Oligodon Russelius.jpg | Russell's kukri snake | O. russelius
(Daudin, 1803) |
India, Nepal | ||
| Saint Girons' kukri snake[21] | O. saintgironsi [3] David, G. Vogel & Pauwels, 2008 | Vietnam, Cambodia | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Sai Yok Kukri Snake | O. saiyok[22] Sumontha, Kunya, Dangsri & Pauwels, 2017 | Thailand (Kanchanaburi) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | ||
| File:Oligodon subcarinatus.jpg | Half-keeled kukri snake, barred kukri snake, banded kukri snake | O. signatus
(Günther, 1864) |
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Cave kukri snake | O. speleoserpens
Pawangkhanant, Poyarkov, Ward-Smith, Grassby-Lewis, Sumontha, Kliukin, Idiiatullina, Trofimets, Suwannapoom & Lee, 2024 |
Thailand | |||
| File:Oligodon splendidus.jpg | Splendid kukri snake | O. splendidus
(Günther, 1875) |
Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon sublineatus (10.3897-zse.91.4971) Figure 1.jpg | Duméril's kukri snake | O. sublineatus
A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 |
Sri Lanka | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| File:Oligodon taeniatus (Günther, 1861) Striped Kukri Snake (16175431667).jpg | Striped kukri snake | O. taeniatus
(Günther, 1861) |
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, possibly China (Yunnan) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| File:Russell's kukri aka Variegated kukri (Oligodon taeniolatus).jpg | Streaked Kukri snake, Loos snake | O. taeniolatus
(Jerdon, 1853) |
Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkmenistan | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Teynié's kukri snake | O. teyniei
David, Hauser & G. Vogel, 2022 |
Laos | |||
| Mandalay kukri snake, Theobald's kukri snake | O. theobaldi
(Günther, 1868) |
Bangladesh, Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Tillack's kukri snake | O. tillacki
Bandara, Ganesh, Kanishka, Danushka, Sharma, P. Campbell, Ineich, G. Vogel & Amarasinghe, 2022 |
India | |||
| O. tolaki
Amarasinghe, Henkanaththegedara, Campbell, Riyanto, Hallermann & G. Vogel, 2021 |
Indonesia (Southeast Sulawesi) | RDB | |||
| O. torquatus
(Boulenger, 1888) |
Myanmar | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | ||
| Travancore kukri snake | O. travancoricus
Beddome, 1877 |
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| File:Three-lined Kukri Snake Oligodon trilineatus (7067734773).jpg | Three-lined kukri snake | O. trilineatus
(A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) |
Indonesia (Nias, Siberut, Sumatra) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB |
| Langbian kukri snake | O. tuani | Vietnam | RDB | ||
| O. unicolor
(Kopstein, 1926) |
Indonesia (Selaru, Yamdena) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | ||
| Jerdon's kukri snake | O. venustus
(Jerdon, 1853) |
India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Dark-spined kukri snake, vertebral kukri snake | O. vertebralis
(Günther, 1865) |
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) | Script error: No such module "IUCN_status". | IUCN RDB | |
| Bleeker's kukri snake | O. waandersi
(Bleeker, 1860) |
Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Buton, Sula Islands) | RDB | ||
| Wagner's kukri snake | O. wagneri
David & G. Vogel, 2012 |
Indonesia (Nias) | RDB | ||
| yellow-striped kukri snake | O. woodmasoni
(Sclater, 1891) |
India (Nicobar Islands, possibly Andaman Islands) | RDB |
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Search results Genus: Oligodon – Exact match". Reptile Database. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
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- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. Template:ISBN. (Oligodon everetti, p. 86).
- ^ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 91.
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pauwels OSG, Wallach V, David P, Chanhome L (2002). "A new species of Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Serpentes, Colubridae) from southern peninsular Thailand". Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 2 (2): 7–18.
- ^ Neang T, Grismer LL, Daltry JC (2012). "A new species of kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia Script error: No such module "webarchive".". Zootaxa 3388: 41–55.
- ^ Acharji MN, Ray HC (1936). "A new species of Oligodon from the United Provinces (India)". Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta 38: 519–520.
- ^ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 149.
- ^ a b Beolens et al. (2011). p. 183.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.David P, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen TT, Jiang K, Chen T, Teynié A, Ziegler T (2012). "A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos". Zootaxa. 3498: 45–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3498.1.3.
- ^ Beolens et al. (2011). pp. 70, 205.
- ^ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 231.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sumontha, Montri; Kunya, Kirati; Dangsri, Siriwat; Pauwels, Olivier S.G. (2017). "Oligodon saiyok, a new limestone-dwelling kukri snake (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand". Zootaxa. 4294 (3): 316. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.2.
External links
- "Kukri snake". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2005.
- "Brown Kukri Snake". Wildlife Singapore. Retrieved July 7, 2005.
Further reading
- Green, Marc D.; Orlov, Nikolai L.; Murphy, Robert W. (2010). "Toward a Phylogeny of the Kukri Snakes, Genus Oligodon ". Asian Herpetological Research 1 (1): 1-21.
- Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (Genus Oligodon, pp. 195–201).
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