Operation Excess

Template:Short description Template:DMCA Operation Excess was a series of British supply convoys to Malta, Alexandria and Greece in January 1941. The operation was the first to encounter Luftwaffe anti-shipping aircraft over the Mediterranean Sea and all the convoyed freighters reached their destinations. The destroyer Gallant was disabled by Italian mines and Axis bombers severely damaged the cruiser Southampton and the aircraft carrier Illustrious.

Background

Italy's declaration of War on 10 June 1940 brought the Second World War to the Mediterranean Sea and placed the Regia Aeronautica astride the traditional British sea route to Indian Ocean ports, while the Regia Marina roughly tripled the numbers of battleships, cruisers and submarines available to challenge British sea power. The Royal Navy had held the eastern Mediterranean and France the western Mediterranean but the Second Armistice at Compiègne removed the French navy from the alliance on 25 June 1940. From bases at Gibraltar and Alexandria, the Royal Navy attempted to convoy supplies to Malta to maintain it as a base in the central Mediterranean. As Italy attacked Egypt from Libya in September 1940 and Greece from Albania in October 1940, the Royal Navy maintained most of the Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria and used Force H at Gibraltar for raids. British successes in early November 1940, including providing help to the Greeks to defeat the Italian offensive in Greece and the Royal Navy disabling Italian battleships , and at the Battle of Taranto, provided incentive and opportunity to supply Malta and Greece.

Prelude

Allies

Convoy MC 4 consisted of four freighters at Gibraltar, Clan Cumming, Clan MacDonald and Empire Song carried materiel destined for Piraeus. Essex carried Template:Cvt of seed potatoes, Template:Cvt of ammunition and twelve crated Hawker Hurricanes for Malta.

Convoy MW 5 consisted of the Freighters Breconshire and Clan Macaulay at Alexandria with cargo bound for Malta.

Convoy ME 6 was made up of nine freighters waiting at Malta for passage to Alexandria.

Force A comprised , , , , , , , , and to sail from Alexandria, covering convoys MC 4, MW 5 and ME 6 east of the Skerki Banks.

Force B of , , and would carry five hundred soldiers and airmen from the Aegean to Malta and join convoy MC 4 after dropping their passengers in Malta.

Force C was to screen Convoy MW 5 with , and .

Force D, and , was to sail from Alexandria with s Gloxinia, , , and the replenishment oiler Brambleleaf to be joined by and Template:HMAS from Souda Bay.

Force F was to cover Convoy MC 4 with , , , and carrying four hundred soldiers and airmen to Malta.

Force H was to protect Convoy MC 4 from Gibraltar to the Skerki Banks with , , , , , , , and ferrying six Fairey Swordfish for Malta.

Axis

Five hundred anti-shipping aircraft of Fliegerkorps X were being transferred from Norway to Sicily to protect Axis convoys to North Africa and prevent passage of British convoys to Malta.

Operations

6 January 1941

File:SM79 193.jpg

Royal Navy personnel accustomed to these Regia Aeronautica SM.79s were surprised by the intensity of X Fliegerkorps operations encountered during Operation Excess.

Convoy MC 4 left Gibraltar, feinting toward the Atlantic, before turning toward Malta after dark, to mislead Axis agents near Gibraltar.

7 January

Force H sailed from Gibraltar to cover convoy MC 4. Force A, Force D and convoy MW 5 with Force C sailed from Alexandria and Force B sailed from the Aegean toward Malta. Force A was located by Italian air reconnaissance that afternoon.

8 January

Force B landed its passengers in Malta and proceeded west to meet convoy MC 4. Wellington bombers raided Naples, damaging with three near misses and causing the only operational Italian battleship, , to retreat from the approaching convoys.

9 January

Force A was joined by Force D and Template:HMAS Template:Cvt south-east of Malta, Force B joined convoy MC 4; Convoy MC 4 and Force H were discovered by Italian aircraft and attacked by ten SM.79s from Sardinia. Two SM.79s were shot down by Fulmars from Ark Royal and a later attack by 15 Fiat CR.42 Falcos carrying Template:Cvt bombs also failed. Force H left convoy MC 4 that afternoon after Ark Royal launched six Swordfish for the defence of Malta; Force A joined convoy MC 4 at dusk.

10 January

File:Junkers Ju 87Bs in flight c1941.jpg

Few ships survived dive bombing attacks of the intensity Illustrious endured from these Ju 87 Stukas.

Italian ships from La Spezia failed to find Force H. The Italian submarine and torpedo boats and Vega (Commander Giuseppe Fontana) launched torpedoes against Convoy MC 4 but missed. Bonaventure and Hereward sank Vega Template:Cvt south of Pantellaria at 08:30 and Circe escaped undamaged. Bonaventure was slightly damaged and two men killed; 75 per cent of her ammunition was expended in the engagement. Two of Vega's crew survived. Right after the engagement, which pushed the British convoy too far south of their route, Gallant struck a naval mine at 08:35. Mohawk took Gallant in tow toward Malta while the Force B cruisers provided protection from air attacks. Convoys MC 4 and MW 5 arrived at Malta and Convoy ME 6 departed for Alexandria.

Fulmars from Illustrious shot down an Italian aircraft shadowing Force A at 09:30. Valiant avoided torpedoes launched by two SM.79s approaching under the radar horizon at 12:30. As the combat air patrol Fulmars dropped altitude to engage the SM.79s, Force A was attacked at 12:35 by 18 Heinkel He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (KG 26) and 43 Junkers Ju 87s of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1) and Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 (StG 2) escorted by 10 Messerschmitt Bf 110 (Bf 110) of Zerstörergeschwader 26 (ZG 26).

Illustrious completed launching Fulmar and Swordfish patrol aircraft as the attack developed. Illustrious was the main target and was enveloped in waterspouts and mist of exploding bombs. Some bombers diving from Template:Cvt delayed bomb release until they pulled-out lower than the height of IllustriousTemplate:' funnel. The five air patrol Fulmars had not returned from chasing the SM.79s which attacked Valiant and the last four Fulmars to take off were unable to gain altitude rapidly enough to break up the attack. The Fulmars claimed eight enemy aircraft during the bombing of Force A as they shuttled to Malta airfields to refuel and re-arm.

File:15 Fairey Fulmar I (15812158306).jpg

Fairey Fulmar Mk I

Warspite was lightly damaged by a bomb. Illustrious was hit by five bombs, including one which failed to explode and a near miss disabled her rudder mechanism. A bomb striking a lowered elevator caused extensive hangar damage, with many casualties among aircraft maintenance personnel and the destruction of nine Swordfish and five Fulmars. At 15:30 Illustrious headed for Malta steering with engines and the bombing continued. Seven SM.79s were discouraged by massed anti-aircraft fire but an attack by six Italian Ju 87s at 16:00 scored another bomb hit and two near misses. Fourteen German Ju 87s missed Valiant and Janus and a later attack by fourteen He 111s was similarly ineffective. Illustrious reached Malta at 21:30 and suffered 126 dead and 91 wounded by the time she departed from Malta.

11 January

Gallant was beached in Malta's Grand Harbor at dawn and never repaired. As Mohawk and the Force B cruisers steamed from Malta to rejoin Force A, they were surprised by 12 Ju 87R dive bombers of II/St.G.2 attacking out of the sun at 15:20. Gloucester was hit by a bomb which failed to explode and Southampton was hit by two bombs, which killed eighty men and started fires, requiring the ship to be scuttled Template:Cvt east of Malta. Force H returned to Gibraltar.

12 January

Force A was reinforced west of Crete by Force B, the cruisers of Force D, the battleship and the aircraft carrier from Alexandria.

13 January

Convoy ME 6 arrived at Alexandria.

The Illustrious Blitz

File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A20659.jpg

at anchor during the war

What Maltese called the Illustrious Blitz began when bomb stocks depleted during the attacks of 10 and 11 January were replenished and the Axis made a maximum effort to destroy Illustrious before she could be repaired. Illustrious and Essex were hit during an air raid on 16 January. Ten Macchi C.202s, ten CR.42s and twenty Bf 110s escorted 44 Ju 87s. Bombs exploding in Grand Harbour killed numerous fish, that were collected after the raid and eaten. Illustrious was not seriously damaged but a bomb exploded in Essex's engine room killing 15 men and wounding 23 more. There was another heavy air raid on 17 January and Illustrious was again hit in an air raid on 18 January. Illustrious was not damaged by the last big attack on 19 January. Illustrious departed Malta on 23 January but her Fulmars remained for the defence of the island. Illustrious was able to complete additional repairs after reaching Alexandria on 25 January but restoration of full combat effectiveness required a trip to United States shipyards.

Losses

Fairey Fulmar fighters and AA gunners of the Royal Navy shot down at least seven aircraft on 10 January 1941, in defence of Illustrious, while one Fulmar was lost. No merchantmen were lost during Excess but one cruiser was sunk and a destroyer damaged beyond repair.

See also

• Battle of the Mediterranean
• Malta Convoys

References

• Bartimeus, W. M. (1944). East of Malta, West of Suez. New York/Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 1727304.
• Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-914-7.
• Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (2002) [1998]. The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 (pbk. ed.). Rochester: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-190-3.
• Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-019-9.
• O'Hara, Vincent (2013). Struggle for the Middle Sea. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-408-6.
• Llewellyn-Jones, M. (2007). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval Staff History. Naval Staff Histories. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39095-8.
• Pack, S. W. C. (1973). The Battle for Crete. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-810-1.
• Pegg, Martin (1977). Luftwaffe Ground Attack Units 1939–45. New York NY: Sky Books Press. ISBN 978-0-89402-013-1.
• Potter, E. B.; Nimitz, C. W., eds. (1960). Sea Power. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. OCLC 933965485.
• Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-105-9.
• Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 1-86176-257-7.
• Smith, Peter C. (1998). Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-177-9.
• Wood, Tony; Gunston, Bill (1990). Hitler's Luftwaffe. New York: Crescent Books. OCLC 704898536.
• Woodman, R. (2003). Malta Convoys 1940–1943 (pbk. ed.). London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6408-6.

Further reading

• Dannreuther, Raymond (2005). Somerville's Force H: The Royal Navy's Gibraltar-based Fleet, June 1940 to March 1942. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-84513-020-0.
• Jordan, Roger W. (2006) [1999]. The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships (2nd ed.). London: Chatham/Lionel Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-86176-293-1.