Orcein
Orcein, also called archil, orchil, lacmus and C.I. Natural Red 28 - CICN 758600, is any dye extracted from several species of lichen, commonly known as "orchella weeds", found in various parts of the world. A major source is the archil lichen, Roccella tinctoria.[1] Orcinol is extracted from such lichens. It is then converted to orcein by ammonia and air. In traditional dye-making methods, urine was used as the ammonia source. If the conversion is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate (in the form of potash, lime, and gypsum in traditional dye-making methods), the result is litmus, a more complex molecule.[2] The manufacture was described by Cocq in 1812 [3] and in the UK in 1874.[4] Edmund Roberts noted orchilla as a principal export of the Cape Verde islands, superior to the same kind of "moss" found in Italy or the Canary Islands, that in 1832 was yielding an annual revenue of $200,000.[5]Template:Rp Commercial archil is either a powder (called cudbear) or a paste. It is red in acidic pH and blue in alkaline pH.
History and uses
The chemical components of orcein were elucidated only in the 1950s by Hans Musso.[6] The structures are shown below. A paper originally published in 1961, embodying most of Musso's work on components of orcein and litmus, was translated into English and published in 2003[7] in a special issue of the journal Biotechnic & Histochemistry (Vol 78, No. 6) devoted to the dye.
Orcein is a reddish-brown dye, orchil is a purple-blue dye. Orcein is also used as a stain in microscopy to visualize chromosomes,[8] elastic fibers,[9] Hepatitis B surface antigens,[10] and copper-associated proteins.[11]
Orcein is not approved as a food dye (banned in Europe since January 1977), with E number E121 before 1977 and E182 after.[12][13] Its CAS number is 1400-62-0.[14] Its chemical formula is C28H24N2O7. It forms dark brown crystals. It is a mixture of phenoxazone derivates - hydroxyorceins, aminoorceins, and aminoorceinimines.
Cudbear
Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that produces colours in the purple range. It can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder.
Cudbear was the first dye to be invented in modern times, and one of the few dyes to be credited to a named individual: Dr Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, and it was patented in 1758, British patent 727.[15][16] John Glassford invested in the new process with funds from his slave-labor tobacco business by establishing a dyeworks in Dennistoun in 1777.[17][18] The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.[17] The lichen consumption soon reached 250 tons per year and import from Norway and Sweden had to be arranged.[19]
A similar process was developed in France. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia, then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates out and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated out with calcium chloride. The resulting insoluble purple solid is known as French purple, a fast lichen dye that was much more stable than other lichen dyes.
Gallery
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α-amino orcein
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α-hydroxy orcein
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β-amino orcein
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β-hydroxy orcein
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β-amino orceinimine
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γ-amino orcein
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γ-hydroxy orcein
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γ-amino orceinimine
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. p. 165. ISBN 9781473630819. OCLC 936144129.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beecken, H; E-M Gottschalk; U v Gizycki; et al. (2003). "Orcein and litmus". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 78 (6): 289–302. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671362. PMID 15473576. S2CID 41944320.
- ^ Cocq M. (1812). Mémoire sur la fabrication et l'emploi de l'orseille. Annales de Chimie 81:258–278. Cited in: Chevreul ME. (1830). Leçons de chimie appliquée à la teinture. Paris: Pichon et Didier. p 114–116.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Workman, A Leeds (1874). "Manufacture of Archil and Cudbear". Chemical News. 30 (173): 143.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roberts, Edmund (12 October 2007) [First published in 1837]. Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers. OCLC 12212199.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Musso, H (1960). "Orcein- und Lackmusfarbstoffe: Konstitutionsermittlung und Konstitutionsbeweis durch die Synthese. (Orcein and litmus pigments: constitutional elucidation and constitutional proof by synthesis.)". Planta Medica. 8 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1101580. S2CID 85077252.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beecken, H; Gottschalk, EM; von Gizycki, U; Kramer, H; Maassen, D; Matthies, HG; Musso, H; Rathjen, C; Zdhorsky, UI (2003). "Orcein and litmus". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 78 (6): 289–302. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671362. PMID 15473576. S2CID 41944320.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.La Cour, L (1941). "Acetic-orcein: a new stain-fixative for chromosomes". Stain Technology. 16 (4): 169–174. doi:10.3109/10520294109107302.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Friedberg, SH; Goldstein, DJ (1969). "Thermodynamics of orcein staining of elastic fibres". Histochemical Journal. 1 (4): 261–376. doi:10.1007/BF01003279. PMID 4113287. S2CID 11125308.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fredenburgh, JL; Edgerton, SM; Parker, AE (1978). "A modification of the aldehyde fuchsin and orcein stains for hepatitis B surface antigen in tissue and a proposed chemical mechanism". Journal of Histotechnology. 1 (6): 223–228. doi:10.1179/his.1978.1.6.223.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henwood, A (2003). "Current applications of orcein in histochemistry. A brief review with some new observations concerning influence of dye batch variation and aging of dye solutions on staining". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 78 (6): 303–308. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671335. PMID 15473577. S2CID 425825.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Additifs alimentaires – Accueil". Archived from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Color Additive Status List". FDA. 3 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Orcein". CAS Common Chemistry.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Cudbear Manufactory". www.scottisharchivesforschools.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Preparation of cudbear, a patent". Archived from the original on 2001-02-21.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Quinton, Rebecca (3 December 2019). "Glasgow Merchants' Investment in Purple". Legacies of Slavery in Glasgow Museums and Collections. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campsie, Alison (10 October 2021). "9 objects that link Scotland to slavery". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Curiosities of Glasgow citizenship: George Macintosh of Dunchattan".
External links
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