Orellani
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| Deadly webcap, Cortinarius rubellus | |
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| Fool's webcap, Cortinarius orellanus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Binomial name | |
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| Orellani | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
| File:Gills icon.png | Gills on hymenium |
| File:Umbonate cap icon.svg | Cap is umbonate |
| File:Adnexed gills icon2.svg | Hymenium is adnexed |
| File:Cortina stipe icon.png | Stipe has a cortina |
| Spore print is brown | |
| File:Mycorrhizal fungus.svg | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
| File:Mycomorphbox Deadly.png | Edibility is deadly |
The Orellani are a group of seven related species in the genus Cortinarius that have been classified as a section of the subgenus Leprocybe or a subgenus in their own right.[1] They are among world's most poisonous mushrooms as they contain the highly toxic compound orellanine. The best-known species are the deadly webcap (Cortinarius rubellus, formerly also known as C. speciosissimus or C. orellanoides) and the fool's webcap, C. orellanus.
The mushrooms' characteristics are quite common, making them difficult to identify, which often leads to fatal poisonings. Young examples of the species often have a veil between the cap of the mushroom and the stem. This veil looks like a cobweb, hence the name. The veil however partially or completely disappears in older specimens. Some other characteristics for each of the mushrooms are given below.
Descriptions
Deadly webcap (Cortinarius rubellus)
Spore color: Rusty brown to orange
Cap: 3–7 cm rusty brown to orange. Often has a steeper and darker colored elevation at the top of the cap, but this varies greatly from specimen to specimen
Gills: Wide gaps between the gills which can be, but are not necessarily, connected to the stem
Location: Rare, but common in temperate parts of northern Europe. Has been encountered as far north as Finnish Lapland.
Habitat: pine woods with acidic soil
Other details: Young specimens contain a pale web between the cap and the stem. Sometimes parts of this web can be seen as a yellow ring on the stem or at the edge of the cap. The fruiting body of the mushroom blossoms from mid-summer to late autumn.
Cortinarius rainierensis, described in 1950 by Alex H. Smith and Daniel Elliot Stuntz from material collected Mount Rainier National Park,[2] is a synonym.[3]
Fool's webcap (Cortinarius orellanus)
Spore color: Rusty brown to orange
Cap: Template:Cvt, concave
Gills: Similar to those of the deadly webcap
Location: Common throughout Europe, rare in the northern parts of Europe. Has been observed as far north as southern Norway
Habitat: In forests, around trees where the soil is alkaline or acidic
Other details: Young specimens of the fool's webcap also contain a web between the cap and the stem that partially or completely disappears as the specimen ages.
Toxicity
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The deadly webcap and the fool's webcap both contain the toxin orellanine and orellin, orellinin[4] and cortinarin A, B, and C.[5] A characteristic of orellanine poisoning is the long latency; the first symptoms usually don't appear until 2–3 days after ingestion and can in some cases take as long as 3 weeks. The first symptoms of orellanine poisoning are similar to the common flu (nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, headaches, etc.). These symptoms are followed by early stages of kidney failure (immense thirst, frequent urination, pain on and around the kidneys), and eventually decreased or nonexistent urine output and other symptoms of kidney failure occur. If left untreated, death will follow. There is no known antidote against orellanine poisoning, but early hospitalization and treatment can sometimes prevent serious injuries and usually prevent death. If orellanine poisoning is suspected, emergency medical attention is advised.
Both of these mushrooms can be confused with each other and many incidents of mushroom poisoning have occurred where inexperienced mushroom hunters have confused these mushrooms with edible mushrooms, such as the chanterelle, or hallucinogenic mushrooms.[6] Extreme care should be taken when picking mushrooms like the cleaned funnel chanterelles as these mushrooms share the same habitat as the deadly webcap and the fool's webcap.
The LD50 of orellanine in mice is 12-20 mg/kg body weight. From cases of orellanine-related mushroom poisoning in humans it seems that the lethal dose for humans is considerably lower.[citation needed]
Several more mushrooms in the genus Cortinarius are suspected to contain orellanine or other deadly toxins. Among them are C. callisteus and C. limonius.
Notable poisonings
In Poland in the 1950s there was a small epidemic where over 100 people became ill. What caused the illness remained a mystery until 1957[7] when Polish physician Stanisław Grzymala discovered that everyone suffering from the illness, which by then had claimed eleven lives,[8] had eaten the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus.[9][10][7]
British author Nicholas Evans, his wife Charlotte Gordon Cumming, and two other relatives were accidentally poisoned in September 2008 after consuming C. rubellus and/or C. speciosissimus that they gathered on holiday.[11] Although the poisoning was non-lethal, Evans and the others suffered severe renal damage and had to undergo kidney dialysis.[12][13] All four victims were informed that they would require kidney transplants in the future. Several years later, Evans received a kidney donated by his daughter, Lauren.[14]
See also
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gasparini B (2004). "Cortinarius subgenus Orellani in Australia and in the world" (PDF). Australasian Mycologist. 23 (2): 62–76.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smith AH, Stuntz DE (1950). "New or noteworthy Fungi from Mt. Rainier National Park". Mycologia. 42 (1): 80–134. doi:10.2307/3755245. JSTOR 3755245.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christie P. Robertson; Leesa Wright; Sharmin Gamiet; Noelle Machnicki; Joe Ammirati; Joshua Birkebak; Colin Meyer; Alissa Allen (May 1, 2006). "Cortinarius rubellus Cooke from British Columbia, Canada and Western Washington, USA". Pacific Northwest Fungi. 1 (6): 1–7. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020.
- ^ Keeler 1991, p. 501
- ^ Keeler 1991, p. 507
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, et al. (November 1996). "Magic mushrooms: hope for a 'cheap high' resulting in end-stage renal failure". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 11 (11): 2324–27. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027160. PMID 8941602.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prast, H.; Werner, E. R.; Pfaller, W.; Moser, M. (1988). "Toxic properties of the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus". Archives of Toxicology. 62 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1007/BF00316263. PMID 3190463. S2CID 24495871.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bresinsky, A.; Besl, H. (2004). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists. CRC Press x. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-7234-1576-3.
- ^ See:
- Alina Skirgiełło and Andrzej Nespiak (1957) "Erfahrungen mit Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Polen: A. Cortinarius (Dermocybe) orellanus Fr. non Quél. — cause d'intoxications fongiques en Pologne en 1952-55" (Experiences with Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Poland: A. Cortinarius (Dermocybe) orellanus Fr. non Quél. — cause of mushroom poisoning in Poland in 1952-55) Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (Journal for Mycology), vol. 23, pages 138-139.
- Stanisław Grzymala (1957) "Erfahrungen mit Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Polen: B. Massenvergiftung durch den Orangefuchsigen Hautkopf. (Experiences with Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Poland: B. Mass poisoning by the orange-red web-cap), Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde, vol. 23, pages 139-142.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Spoerke, David G.; Barry H. Rumack (1994). Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press. p. 250. ISBN 0-8493-0194-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grice, Elizabeth (August 2, 2011). "Nicholas Evans: 'I wanted to die. It was so grim'". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Evans, N.; Hamilton, A.; Bello-Villalba, M. J.; Bingham, C. (2012). "Irreversible renal damage from accidental mushroom poisoning". BMJ. 345 e5262. doi:10.1136/bmj.e5262. PMID 22885396.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.""Horse Whisperer" Author Poisoned By Mushrooms". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. September 2, 2008.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Daoust, Phil (September 16, 2010). "How to pick wild mushrooms". The Guardian. London.
Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Keeler, R. F. (1991-03-01). Handbook of Natural Toxins: Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-8375-4. Script error: No such module "Taxonbar".
External links
- The presence of orellanine in spores and basidiocarp from Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius rubellus
- Videos of Cortinarius orellanus on YouTube
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