Orobanche

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Orobanche, commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of almost 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.[2] It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is a weed on broadleaf crop plants in Australia, where some states enforce mandatory destruction and reporting, as well as prohibition of sale.[3][4]

Description

Broomrapes are generally small, only 10–60 centimetres (4–24 inches) tall depending on species. They are best recognized by the yellow- to straw-coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers. The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal spike of 10-20 flowers in most species, although single in one-flowered broomrape (Orobanche uniflora). The leaves are merely triangular scales. The seeds are minute, tan or brown, blackening with age. These plants generally flower from late winter to late spring. When they are not flowering, no part of the plants is visible above the surface of the soil.

Parasitism

As they have no chlorophyll, the broomrapes are totally dependent on other plants for nutrients. Broomrape seeds remain dormant in the soil, often for many years, until stimulated to germinate by certain compounds produced by living plant roots.[5] Broomrape seedlings put out a root-like growth, which attaches to the roots of nearby hosts. Once attached to a host, the broomrape robs its host of water and nutrients.

Some species are only able to parasitise a single plant species, and they are often named after the plant they parasitise, such as ivy broomrape (O. hederae) being restricted to parasitising ivy. Others can infect several genera, such as the lesser broomrape O. minor, which lives on clover and other related Fabaceae.

Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), native to central and southwestern Europe but widely naturalised elsewhere, is considered a major threat to crops in some areas. Plants that it targets are tomato, eggplant, potato, cabbage, coleus, bell pepper, sunflower, celery, and beans. In heavily infested areas, branched broomrape can cause total crop failure.

The bean broomrape (Orobanche crenata), which parasitizes the fava bean, has stems that are gathered and eaten in the Italian region of Apulia.[6]

Etymology

The generic name Orobanche comes from the Greek Template:Wikt-lang (Script error: No such module "lang".), from Template:Wikt-lang (Script error: No such module "lang". "bitter vetch") + Template:Wikt-lang (Script error: No such module "lang". (I) "strangle").[7][8] The common name "broomrape" comes from the English "broom" (a plant) + Latin Template:Wikt-lang ('tuber').[9]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Orobanche:[1]

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References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Orobanche L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  2. ^ Beck-Mannagetta, G. (1930) Orobanchaceae. In Engler, A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich 4: 1-348. (Engelmann:Leipzig).
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Broomrape, Branched Broomrape, Hemp Broomrape, Clover Broomrape, Common Broomrape". weeds.org.au. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia (2022-05-14). "Broomrapes". pir.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  5. ^ Yoder, J.I. (2001) Host-plant recognition by parasitic Scrophulariaceae. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4:359-365.
  6. ^ Luard, E. European peasant cookery, Grub Street, 2004, p.380
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1868). Report & transactions. p. 256.
  8. ^ Template:LSJ, Template:LSJ.
  9. ^ Template:L&S

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