Oroxylum indicum

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Template:Short description

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Leaves and fruit, at Muzhakkunnu in Kerala, India
Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms[2]
List
    • Arthrophyllum ceylanicum Miq.
    • Arthrophyllum reticulatum Blume ex Miq.
    • Bignonia indica L.
    • Bignonia lugubris Salisb.
    • Bignonia pentandra Lour.
    • Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco
    • Bignonia tripinnata Noronha
    • Bignonia tuberculata Roxb. ex DC.
    • Calosanthes indica (L.) Blume
    • Hippoxylon indica (L.) Raf.
    • Oroxylum flavum Rehder
    • Oroxylum indicum Vent. nom. inval.[1]
    • Spathodea indica (L.) Pers.

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Oroxylum indicum is a species of flowering plant, in the monotypic genus Oroxylum in the family Bignoniaceae.[2][3]Template:Rp It is commonly called Indian trumpet tree,[4] oroxylum,[5] Indian trumpet flower,[6] broken bones,[7] scythe tree,[8] tree of Damocles,[4] or midnight horror.[9] It can reach a height of 18 metres (59 ft). Various segments of the tree are used in traditional medicine.[4][10]

Taxonomy

Genetic analysis suggests the closest relative of Oroxylum is the genus Millingtonia; this pair of genera are then probably next most closely related to a clade containing Catalpa and Chilopsis.[11]

Etymology

Its genus name Oroxylum comes from Greek words Script error: No such module "Lang". oros 'mountain' and Script error: No such module "Lang". xylon 'wood', and its epithet means "from India".[12]

Description

The tree grows up to Template:Cvt tall with a trunk diameter of Template:Cvt with grey bark. A mature tree has few branches[3]Template:Rp growing large pinnate leaves, which are the largest of all dicot tree leaves. The blade, or lamina can be as much as Template:Cvt long by Template:Cvt wide.[13] Each leaf stalk, or petiole, is up to Template:Cvt long comprising four pinnate branches,[13] each branch is approximately Template:Cvt in length and comparably wide,[7][14] borne on petioles or stalks. All parts of the leaflet stalk grow at once, with dead stalks falling off the tree and collecting near the base of the trunk, looking like a pile of broken limb bones.[13][14]

The flowers grow from long pedicels at the end of 2-4 cm long racemes, their brown or dirty-violet calyxes are leathery. They have a sharp smell and bloom at night to attract pollination by bats.[7][3]Template:Rp They form enormous seed pods; these are up to Template:Cvt long that hang down from bare branches, resembling swords.[7][15] The long fruit curve downward and resemble the wings of a large bird or dangling sickles or swords in the night, giving the name "tree of Damocles".[4] The seeds are round with papery wings.[16]

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Distribution

Oroxylum indicum is native to the Indian subcontinent, the Himalayan foothills with a part extending to Bhutan and southern China, Indochina and the Malesia regions.[citation needed] In Vietnam, the tree is called núc nác (sometimes sò đo), and specimens can be found in Cat Tien National Park.

It is visible in the forest biome of Manas National Park in Assam, India. It is found, raised and planted in large number in the forest areas of the Banswara district in the state of Rajasthan in India. It is reported in the list of rare, endangered and threatened plants of Kerala (South India). It is also found in Sri Lanka[17] and also in Mizoram.

Ecology

Oroxylum indicum lives in relationship with the actinomycete Pseudonocardia oroxyli present in the soil surrounding the roots.[18] Septobasidium bogoriense is a fungal species responsible for velvet blight in O. indicum.[citation needed]

Phytochemistry

Various segments of O. indicum, including leaves, root bark, heartwood, and seeds, contain diverse phytochemicals, such as prunetin, sitosterol, oroxindin, oroxylin-A, biochanin-A, ellagic acid, tetuin, anthraquinone, and emodin.[4][19] Several of the compounds are under preliminary research to identify their potential biological properties.[4]

Uses

The tree is often grown as an ornamental plant for its strange appearance. Materials used include the wood, tannins and dyestuffs.[20]

In marriage rituals

The plant is used by the Kirat, Sunuwar, Rai, Limbu, Yakha, Tamang in Nepal, the Thai in Thailand and the Lao in Laos.

In the Himalayas, people hang sculptures or garlands made from O. indicum (Skr. shyonaka) seeds from the roof of their homes in belief they provide protection.[21]

Culinary Use

File:Pickled Oroxylum indicum flower buds.jpg
Pickled caper-like flower buds of the scythe tree

It is a plant with edible leaves, flower buds, pods and stems.[3]Template:Rp The large young pods, known as Lin mai or Lin fa in Loei, are eaten especially in Thailand and Laos. They are first grilled over charcoal fire and then the inner tender seeds are usually scraped and eaten along with lap.[22] Known as karongkandai among the Bodos of north east India, its flowers and fruit are eaten as a bitter side dish with rice. Its fruit are eaten as a side dish and water of boiled leave and bark as traditional medicine in Mizoram. It is known in Mizoram as Archangkawm. It is often prepared with fermented or dried fish and believed by them to have medicinal uses. The pods also eaten by Chakma people in Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh and India. Its called "Hona Gulo 𑄦𑄧𑄚 𑄉𑄪𑄣𑄮" in Chakma language.

The plant is used as food by the Karen people. The flower buds are boiled and pickled. The young pods are cut open raw and the tender seeds inside are used in various local dishes.[23]

In traditional medicine

Oroxylum indicum seeds are used in traditional Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicines.[4] Root bark is one of the ingredients thought to be useful in compound formulations in Ayurveda and other folk remedies.[4][24][25]

In art

Kelantanese and Javanese peoples forge a type of keris in the shape of the plant's seed pod called the keris buah beko.[26]

In mythology

Because the pods are shaped like swords, people in West Java believe planting Oroxylum trees can protect their homes from thieves.[3]Template:Rp

The Onge name for the tree is talaralu.[27] According to an Onge myth, the first of the Onge people, also named Onge, was created by Eyuge (monitor lizard) from Oroxylum wood. Onge made a shelter and planted Oroxylum trees around it, and created more human beings from the trees. The trees were planted in pairs, giving rise to both Onge men and women. Only Onge people were created in this way; Onge mythology offers no explanation for the existence of non-indigenous people or other indigenous Andamanese peoples.[28]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The International Plant Names Index".
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth". The World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1974). "Bignoniaceae". Flora Malesiana. 8 (1): 114–186 – via Naturalis Institutional Repository.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chaudhary, AK; Singh, V; Chaudhary, A. K (2011). "A Review on the Taxonomy, Ethnobotany, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Oroxylum indicum Vent". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 73 (5): 483–490. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.98981. PMC 3425058. PMID 22923859.
  5. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ecoport".
  7. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Broken bones tree". Flowers of India. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  8. ^ efloraofindia - Oroxylum indicum
  9. ^ Corner, Wayside trees, loc.cit.
  10. ^ India Biodiversity Portal – Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Olmstead, Richard G.; Zjhra, Michelle L.; Lohmann, Lúcia G.; Grose, Susan O.; Eckert, Andrew J. (2009). "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". American Journal of Botany. 96 (9): 1731–1743. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900004. ISSN 0002-9122. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Swaminathan, M.S.; Kochhar, S.L. (2019). Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9781108640633.
  13. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Corner, E. J. H. (1952). Wayside Trees of Malaya. Vol. 1. Singapore: Govt. Printing Office. p. 166.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phillipps, Anthea (22 April 2012). "The Midnight Horror Tree". Daily Express. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barwick M, van der Schans A (2004). Tropical and Subtropical Trees – An Encyclopedia. Portland: Timber Press. p. 304.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Oroxylum indicum". eFloras.org. Dinghushan Plant Checklist, Chinese Academy of Science.
  17. ^ Theobald, W.L. (1981). Bignoniace. In: Dassanayake, M.D. and Fosberg, F.R. (Eds.). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gu, Qiang; Luo, Hongli; Zheng, Wen; Liu, Zhiheng; Huang, Ying (1 September 2006). "Pseudonocardia oroxyli sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from surface-sterilized Oroxylum indicum root". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56 (Pt 9): 2193–2197. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64385-0. PMID 16957120.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shah, R. C.; Mehta, C. R.; Wheeler, T. S. (1 January 1936). "131. The constitution of oroxylin-A, a yellow colouring matter from the root-bark of Oroxylum indicum, vent". J. Chem. Soc.: 591–593. doi:10.1039/JR9360000591.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (2017-03-29). "Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (21): 21. doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9. PMC 5372287. PMID 28356115.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Storrs, A.; Storrs, J. (1990). Trees and Shrubs of Nepal and the Himalayas. Pilgrims Books House. p. 200. ISBN 9747315432.
  22. ^ Thai Dishes, Central Part And South Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phumthum, M.; Balslev, H. (2020). "Anti-Infectious Plants of the Thai Karen: A Meta-Analysis". Antibiotics. 9 (6): 298. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9060298. PMC 7345792. PMID 32498413.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Doshi, K; Ilanchezhian, R; Acharya, R; Patel, B. R.; Ravishankar, B (2012). "Anti-inflammatory activity of root bark and stem bark of Shyonaka". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 3 (4): 194–197. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.104434. PMC 3545239. PMID 23326090.
  25. ^ Jayaweera, D.M.A. (1981). Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon. Part I (Acanthaceae – Burseraceae). National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Che Husna Azhari (2011). Artifak Sains Dan Teknologi Alam Melayu. Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia: Institute of the Malay World & Civilization, National University of Malaysia. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9789832457336.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bhargava, N. (1983). "Ethnobotanical Studies of the Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. I. Onge". Economic Botany. 37 (1): 112. doi:10.1007/BF02859311. JSTOR 4254461. S2CID 39096375.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Venkateswar, Sita (2004). Development and Ethnocide: Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands. IWGIA. pp. 51–53. ISBN 9788791563041.

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