Pakpak language
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| Pakpak | |
|---|---|
| Kata Pakpak | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumatra (northern) |
| Ethnicity | Pakpak, Singkil |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1991)[1] |
| Batak | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btd |
| Glottolog | bata1294 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Pakkat, Parlilitan, and Tarabintang districts in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency, Subulussalam City, and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
- A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e ⟨é⟩, ɛ ⟨è⟩ | ə ⟨e⟩ | o |
| Open | a |
- Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ].[2]
- To differentiate between the three e sounds, [ə, e, ɛ], Manik used ⟨é⟩ for [e], ⟨è⟩ for [ɛ], and ⟨e⟩ for [ə].Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
References
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- ^ Pakpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi. Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
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Further reading
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). Kamus bahasa Dairi Pakpak - Indonesia (in Bahasa Indonesia). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Bahasa Indonesia). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004261730. ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
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