Pannaria
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Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae.[2] These lichens form leaf-like, scaly, or crusty patches that typically arrange themselves in loose rosettes on tree bark in humid forests. Most species partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, though some contain green algae instead. The genus was established in 1828 and now includes about 80 recognized species found worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.
Description
Pannaria forms a thallus that can be leaf-like (foliose), a mosaic of tiny scales (squamulose), or a thin crust (crustose). Many species arrange their lobes in loose rosettes and, unlike several related genera, they rarely develop the blue-black felt (Template:Lichengloss) seen beneath other cyanobacterial lichens. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to deep brown-black and may carry a light dusting of frost-like crystals (Template:Lichengloss). Most species partner with the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc, but members of the Pannaria sphinctrina group instead contain green algal cells.[3]
The lichen's sexual fruiting bodies are sessile apothecia whose red-brown to black Template:Lichengloss are framed by a persistent rim of thallus tissue. That rim has two zones: an outer layer of tightly packed, brick-like cells and an inner layer that is looser and packed with Template:Lichengloss cells. A thin, pale Template:Lichengloss of Template:Lichengloss cells surrounds the hymenium. The asci hold eight ascospores, show no blue reaction to potassium–iodide stain (K/I−) and lack the amyloid plug found in many related taxa. Their spores are colourless, single-celled, ellipsoidal and often end in one or two small points; the outer wall is finely warted or ridged.[3]
Asexual reproduction is limited to scattered pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography usually detects no secondary metabolites, though some species contain pannarin, which produces an orange-red colour with the para-phenylenediamine (Pd) spot test.[3]
Photobiont
Like most members of the Pannariaceae, species of Pannaria partner with filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Nostoc. A multilocus survey of 37 thalli representing 21 species showed that these Template:Lichengloss are drawn from two broad Nostoc lineages previously known as the "Nephroma guild" and the "Peltigera guild"; the Pannaria sequences are scattered across both, with a gradual transition between them.[4]
Host choice is flexible. Template:Lichengloss (cyanobacteria-only) and Template:Lichengloss (cyanobacteria plus green-algal) species do not segregate cleanly by Template:Lichengloss: some tripartite southern-hemisphere taxa share identical Nostoc strains with corticolous (bark-dwelling) bipartite species from both hemispheres, whereas other Pannaria species show marked selectivity, keeping to a narrow subset of strains. This breadth of associations contrasts with the tighter photobiont fidelity reported for genera such as Nephroma and Peltigera.[4]
Ecology
Species of Pannaria grow mainly as epiphytes on the bark of trees in sheltered, humid forests. They are encountered far less often on shaded rocks or on thin, moss-covered soil, where the micro-climate is similarly cool and moist.[3]
Species
As of July 2025[update], Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 78 species of Pannaria:[5]
- Pannaria adpressa Template:Au
- Pannaria aenea Template:Au[6]
- Pannaria andina Template:Au[7]
- Pannaria allorhiza Template:Au
- Pannaria aotearoana Template:Au[8]
- Pannaria applanata Template:Au[9]
- Pannaria areolata Template:Au
- Pannaria asahinae Template:Au[10]
- Pannaria athroophylla Template:Au
- Pannaria atrofumosa Template:Au
- Pannaria auctorum Template:Au
- Pannaria brasiliensis Template:Au
- Pannaria byssoidea Template:Au[11]
- Pannaria caesiocinerea Template:Au
- Pannaria caespitosa Template:Au[12]
- Pannaria calophylla Template:Au[13]
- Pannaria cameroonensis Template:Au
- Pannaria carneopallens Template:Au
- Pannaria cassa Template:Au
- Pannaria centrifuga Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria cheirolepis Template:Au
- Pannaria chilensis Template:Au
- Pannaria cinerascens Template:Au
- Pannaria complanata Template:Au[15]
- Pannaria conoplea Template:Au
- Pannaria contorta Template:Au[13]
- Pannaria craspedia Template:Au
- Pannaria crenulata Template:Au[16]
- Pannaria crispella Template:Au
- Pannaria crustata Template:Au[17]
- Pannaria decipiens Template:Au
- Pannaria delicata Template:Au[18]
- Pannaria delisei Template:Au
- Pannaria dissecta Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria durietzii Template:Au
- Pannaria ekistophylla Template:Au
- Pannaria elatior Template:Au
- Pannaria elegantior P.M.Jørg. (2003)[19]
- Pannaria elixii Template:Au
- Pannaria emodii Template:Au[15]
- Pannaria euphylla Template:Au
- Pannaria exasperata Template:Au
- Pannaria farinosa Template:Au[20]
- Pannaria fimbriata Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria flabellata Template:Au[21]
- Pannaria formosana Template:Au[15]
- Pannaria fulvescens Template:Au
- Pannaria fumbris Template:Au
- Pannaria funebris Template:Au
- Pannaria gallowayi Template:Au[8]
- Pannaria glacialis Template:Au
- Pannaria granulifera Template:Au
- Pannaria globigera Template:Au
- Pannaria holospoda Template:Au
- Pannaria hookeri Template:Au
- Pannaria howeana Template:Au[22]
- Pannaria hypnorum Template:Au
- Pannaria immixta Template:Au[23]
- Pannaria implexa Template:Au
- Pannaria insularis Template:Au[10]
- Pannaria isidiosa Template:Au[24]
- Pannaria italica Template:Au
- Pannaria japonica Template:Au
- Pannaria kantvilasii Template:Au
- Pannaria kerguelensis Template:Au
- Pannaria laciniata Template:Au
- Pannaria laciniosa Template:Au
- Pannaria lanuginosa Template:Au
- Pannaria lasiella Template:Au
- Pannaria lepidophora Template:Au
- Pannaria leproloma Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria limbata Template:Au
- Pannaria lobulifera Template:Au[25]
- Pannaria lurida Template:Au
- Pannaria luridula Template:Au
- Pannaria macrocarpa Template:Au
- Pannaria malmei Template:Au
- Pannaria mangroviana Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria melanesica Template:Au
- Pannaria melanotricha Template:Au
- Pannaria microphyllizans Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria minutiphylla Template:Au[26]
- Pannaria molkenboeri Template:Au
- Pannaria molybdodes Template:Au
- Pannaria mosenii Template:Au
- Pannaria multifida Template:Au
- Pannaria myrioloba Template:Au
- Pannaria neocaledonica Template:Au
- Pannaria nilgherriensis Template:Au
- Pannaria obscura Template:Au
- Pannaria oregonensis Template:Au[27]
- Pannaria pannosa Template:Au
- Pannaria papuana Template:Au
- Pannaria parmeliae Template:Au
- Pannaria patagonica Template:Au
- Pannaria perfossa Template:Au
- Pannaria phloeodes Template:Au
- Pannaria phyllidiata Template:Au
- Pannaria placodioides Template:Au
- Pannaria placodiopsis Template:Au
- Pannaria planiuscula Template:Au[28]
- Pannaria prolifera Template:Au
- Pannaria prolificans Template:Au
- Pannaria pruinosa Template:Au[29]
- Pannaria pulverulacea Template:Au[26]
- Pannaria pulvinula Template:Au[12]
- Pannaria pyxinoides Template:Au
- Pannaria ramosii Template:Au[30]
- Pannaria ramulosa Template:Au[15]
- Pannaria reflectens Template:Au
- Pannaria rolfii Template:Au[31]
- Pannaria romanoana Template:Au
- Pannaria rubiginea Template:Au
- Pannaria rubiginella Template:Au[7]
- Pannaria rubiginosa Template:Au
- Pannaria squamulosa Template:Au[28]
- Pannaria streimannii Template:Au[22]
- Pannaria subcrustacea Template:Au[14]
- Pannaria subfusca Template:Au[32]
- Pannaria subrubiginosa Template:Au[33]
- Pannaria subsimilis Template:Au
- Pannaria superior Template:Au
- Pannaria taylorii Template:Au
- Pannaria tavaresii Template:Au[34]
- Pannaria tenuis Template:Au
- Pannaria tetraspora Template:Au
- Pannaria thoroldii Template:Au
- Pannaria thraustolepis Template:Au
- Pannaria tjibodensis Template:Au[35]
- Pannaria vischii Template:Au
- Pannaria wrightiorum Template:Au
References
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