Pa-Hng language

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Pa-Hng
Pateng
PronunciationScript error: No such module "IPA".
Native toChina, Vietnam
Native speakers
(34,000 cited 1995–2009)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pha
Glottologpahn1237
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Pa-Hng is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

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Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.

Classification

Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed.[2] This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).[3]

Names

Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names:[3]

  • Script error: No such module "IPA". (巴哼)
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". (唔奈)
  • Red Yao (红瑶)
  • Flowery Yao (花瑶)
  • Eight Surname Yao (八姓瑶)

In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng Script error: No such module "IPA". (嘎优), while the Miao people call them Script error: No such module "IPA". (大达优).[4] In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (Script error: No such module "IPA".) are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan 兰, Dai 戴, Deng 邓, Ding 丁, Pu 蒲, and Feng 奉.[5]

In China, Pa-Hng speakers are classified as Yao, even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic.

Varieties

Mao & Li (1997) splits Pa-Hng into the following subdivisions, and most closely related to Hm Nai:

  • Pa-Hng proper (巴哼 Script error: No such module "IPA".)
    • Northern
    • Southern
  • Hm Nai (唔奈 Script error: No such module "IPA".)

Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng varieties can be found in Mao & Li (1997). An additional dialect is found in Vietnam.

The Na-e dialect (also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa-Hng, Pà Then [Pateng]), is a geographic outlier. Paul Benedict (1986) argued that it is not actually Pa-Hng, or even Hmongic, but a separate branch of the Miao–Yao language family.[6] However, Strecker (1987) responded that it does appear to be a Pa-Hng dialect, though it has some peculiarities, and that Pa-Hng as a whole is divergent.[7]

Jerold A. Edmondson has reported Pa-Hng dialects in Bac Quang District and Hong Quang Village of Chiem Hoa District in northern Vietnam, and found that they were most closely related to the Pa-Hng dialect spoken in Gaoji Township 高基, Sanjiang County, Guangxi.[8]

Distribution

China

Pa-Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China. Most of the counties have 1,000–6,000 Pa-Hng speakers (Mao & Li 1997).

Vietnam

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Pa-Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam. In Vietnam, the Pa-Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people, where they are called Pà Thẻn. Na-e as reported by Bonifacy (1905) is also found in northern Vietnam.

According to Vu,[13] the ancestors of the Pà Thẻn had first migrated from Guangxi to Hải Ninh (now Quảng Ninh Province), and then from Hải Ninh to the Thái Nguyên area. The Pà Thẻn then split off to settle in three main areas.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Uvular Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal voiced m mʲ n ȵ ŋ
Aspirated consonantVoicelessnessvoiceless m̥ m̥ʲ n̥ ȵ̊ ŋ̊
breathy mʱ mʲʱ nʱ ȵʱ ŋʱ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p pʲ t tɕ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
aspirated pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ qʰ qʷʰ
breathy pʱ pʲʱ tʱ tɕʱ kʱ kʷʱ qʱ
prenasal ᵐp ᵐpʲ ⁿt ᶮtɕ ᵑk ᶰq
prn. breathy ᵐpʱ ᵐpʲʱ ⁿtʱ ᶮtɕʱ ᵑkʱ ᶰqʱ
Fricative f s ɕ x h
Approximant voiceless l̥ l̥ʲ
Voicevoiced ʋ l lʲ j w
breathy ʋʱ lʱ lʱʲ jʱ
  • Alveolar sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". are heard as retroflex Script error: No such module "IPA". in the Laobao dialect.

Vowels

Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i ĩ (ɨ) u ũ
Near-close ɪ ɪ̃
Close-mid e ẽ ɤ o õ
Open-mid ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open a ã ɑ ɑ̃
Syllabic m̩ n̩ ŋ̍

Script error: No such module "IPA". can also be centralized to Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". when following initial sounds.[14][10][3]

Tones

Pa-Hng is a tonal language. It has 8 tones.[15]

Tone Value Example[16]
1 35 mei³⁵
2 33 mei³³
3 31 m̥ei³¹
4 11 tau¹¹
5 55 ɫ̥a⁵⁵
6 44 kwhi44
7 53 tjhei⁵³
8 42 nei42

See also

References

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  1. ^ Pa-Hng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.毛, 宗武 [Máo Zōngwǔ]; 李, 云兵 [Lǐ Yúnbīng] (1997). Bā hēng yǔ yánjiū 巴哼语研究 [A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]]. Shanghai: 上海远东出版社/Shànghǎi yuǎndōng chūbǎn shè.
  4. ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
  5. ^ a b Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gazetteer 通道侗族自治县民族志 (2004).
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Benedict, Paul (1986). "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 9 (1): 89–90.
  7. ^ Template:Multiref2
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Map & Language Descriptions | Borderlands: Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  9. ^ a b 毛宗武 / Mao Zongwu. 优诺语研究 / Younuo yu yan jiu (A Study of Younuo). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Niederer, Barbara (1997). "Notes comparatives sur le pa-hng". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 26 (1): 71–130. doi:10.3406/clao.1997.1506.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Niederer, Barbara (2004). "Pa-hng and the classification of the Hmong-Mien languages". In Tapp, N.; Michaud, J.; Culas, C.; Lee, G. Yai (eds.). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Bangkok: Silkworm Books. pp. 129–146.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edmondson, J. A.; Gregerson, K. J. (2001). Adams, K. L.; Hudak, T. J. (eds.). "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands". Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies: 101–133.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vũ, Quốc Khánh (2013). Người Pà Thẻn ở Việt Nam [The Pa Then in Vietnam]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn. pp. 12–15.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edmondson, Jerold A. (1992). "Pa-hng development and diversity". In Ratliff, M.; Schiller, E. (eds.). Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (PDF). Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 159–186.
  15. ^ Chen, 1996, p.68.
  16. ^ Examples from Chen, 1996, p.67-68.

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