Pierre Roques
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| Allegiance | Template:Flagicon France |
Rank | General |
| Commands | First Army Fourth Army |
Conflicts | World War I |
| Awards | Grand cross of the Légion d'honneur Médaille militaire |
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| Minister of War of France | |
| In office Template:En dash range | |
| President | Raymond Poincaré |
| Prime Minister | Aristide Briand |
| Preceded by | Joseph Gallieni |
| Succeeded by | Hubert Lyautey |
| Commander of the 7th Infantry Division | |
| In office Template:En dash range | |
| President | Armand Fallières Raymond Poincaré |
| Alexandre Millerand Albert Lebrun Eugène Étienne | |
| Joseph Joffre | |
| Preceded by | Tell Aristide Frédéric Antoine Chapel |
| Succeeded by | Edgard de Trentinian |
| Commander of the 12th Army Corps | |
| In office Template:En dash range | |
| President | Raymond Poincaré |
| Eugène Étienne Joseph Noulens Théophile Delcassé Adolphe Messimy Alexandre Millerand | |
| Joseph Joffre | |
| Preceded by | Auguste Charles Lucien Pelécier |
| Succeeded by | Henri Jean Descoings |
| Commander of the 1st Army | |
| In office Template:En dash range | |
| President | Raymond Poincaré |
| Alexandre Millerand Joseph Gallieni | |
| Joseph Joffre | |
| Preceded by | Auguste Dubail |
| Succeeded by | Olivier Mazel |
| Commander of the 4th Army | |
| In office Template:En dash range | |
| President | Raymond Poincaré |
| Hubert Lyautey Lucien Lacaze (as interim) Paul Painlevé | |
| Joseph Joffre Robert Nivelle | |
| Preceded by | Émile Fayolle |
| Succeeded by | François Anthoine |
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Pierre Auguste Roques (28 December 1856 – 26 February 1920) was a French general and creator of the French air force.
Biography
Born to a modest family in Marseillan, Hérault, his lively intelligence earned him a study grant that allowed him to prepare for the entrance examinations to the École Polytechnique. He entered the École Polytechnique in 1877 and became a friend of Joseph Joffre. Having chosen the military engineering branch of the army he was commissioned as an officer in 1879 (at that time, more engineering than military). During his colonial campaigns, he created a vast number of structures (railways, bridges, roads) in Tonkin, Algeria and, above all, in Madagascar. According to historians, this island owes a large part of its infrastructure to Roques. By 1906, Roques had been promoted to the rank of général de brigade.
As Director of Engineering, Roques was preoccupied from 1906 with the management of the new air service. He was the founder and organiser of French military aviation, and was appointed the Permanent Inspector of Military Aeronautics in 1910. The 1911 aeroplane contest in Reims - the world's first - was intended to allow the French military to evaluate and buy 'scientifically' its first aeroplanes. Roques decided the établissements d'aéronautique (aeronautical establishments) should be called escadrilles (squadrons) and aéroplanes should henceforth be called avions, after the name chosen by Clément Ader for his own aircraft and in homage to this visionary engineer with whom he corresponded regularly. It was also Roques who initiated the carnet de vol (pilot's log book) system, still in use today. The names introduced by Roques quickly came to be generally accepted as part of the French lexicon.
At the outbreak of the First World War, he was the commanding general of the 12th Corps. By January 1915 he had become the commander of the First Army.
Roques was appointed Minister of War in March 1916 after it had been ensured that the Commander-in-Chief Joffre, who had been criticised by the previous incumbent General Gallieni, had no objection to his appointment.[1] Roques was sent on a fact-finding mission to Salonika after Britain, Italy and Russia had pushed for the dismissal of Sarrail, the theatre commander. To the surprise of Prime Minister Briand and Joffre, Roques returned recommending that Sarrail's forces be built up to thirty divisions ready for an attack on Bulgaria. He did not specifically praise Sarrail, but recommended that Sarrail no longer report to Joffre. Coming on the back of the disappointing results of the Somme campaign and the defeat of Romania, Roques’ report further discredited Briand and Joffre and began the political manoeuvres which led to Joffre's removal.[2] On 13 December Briand formed a new government, replacing Roques with Lyautey.[3]
Subsequently, Roques served briefly as the commander of the Fourth Army and then as the Inspector General of Works and Organization for the French Army until February 1919.
His war service exhausted him and he died at Saint-Cloud in 1920. Buried initially in his native Marseillan, his remains were transferred to the Hôtel des Invalides in Paris.
Awards
- 1912 - Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur
- 1916 - le Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur
- 1920 - Médaille militaire - Épée d'honneur de la ville de Marseillan
References
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Books
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Doughty, Robert A. (2005). Pyrrhic Victory. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02726-8.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krause, Jonathan; Philpott, William (2023). French Generals of the Great War: Leading the Way. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1781592526.
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