Pietas

File:Antoninus Pius Coin pieta.jpg

, as a virtue of the emperor Antoninus Pius, represented by a woman offering a sacrifice on the reverse of this sestertius

File:Bronze-Flavia Maximiana Theodora-trier RIC 65.jpg

Flavia Maximiana Theodora on the obverse, on the reverse Pietas holding infant to her breast.

(), translated variously as "duty", "religiosity" or "religious behavior", "loyalty", "devotion", or "filial piety" (English "piety" derives from the Latin), was one of the chief virtues among the ancient Romans. It was the distinguishing virtue of the founding hero Aeneas, who is often given the adjectival epithet ("religious, devoted") throughout Virgil's epic Aeneid. The sacred nature of was embodied by the divine personification Pietas, a goddess often pictured on Roman coins. The Greek equivalent is ().Template:Rp

Cicero defined as the virtue "which admonishes us to do our duty to our country or our parents or other blood relations." The man who possessed "performed all his duties towards the deity and his fellow human beings fully and in every respect," as the 19th-century classical scholar Georg Wissowa described it. Cicero suggests people should have awareness of their own honor and must always attempt to raise the honor of others with dignified praise. Furthermore, praise, admiration, and honored actions must be beyond all one's own desires, and actions and words must be chosen with respect to friends, colleagues, family, or blood relations. Cicero describes youth in the pursuit of honour: “How they yearn for praise! What labours will they not undertake to stand fast among their peers! How will they remember those who have shown them kindness and how eager to repay it!”

The first recorded use of in English occurs in Anselm Bayly's The Alliance of Music, Poetry, and Oratory, published in 1789.

As virtue

(" toward one's parents") was one of the most important aspects of demonstrating virtue. as a originated as way to mark a person as especially "pious" in this sense: announcing one's personal through official nomenclature seems to have been an innovation of the late Republic, when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius claimed it for his efforts to have his father, Numidicus, recalled from exile.Template:R/superscript extended also toward "parents" in the sense of "ancestors," and was one of the basic principles of Roman tradition, as expressed by the care of the dead.

as a virtue resided within a person, in contrast to a virtue or gift such as , which was given by the gods. , however, allowed a person to recognize the divine source of benefits conferred.Template:R/superscript

held great importance in the realm of international relations and diplomacy. The credibility of a commander relied heavily on their willingness to set aside personal gain and fully dedicate themselves to a cause, refraining from any treacherous actions. This emphasis on credibility led to the reputation of individual commanders and the Roman state itself playing a pragmatic role in negotiations and discussions. Commanders' commitment to needed to be consistent, demonstrating credibility through ongoing actions and a steady approach in dealings with neighboring entities. Upholding respect for existing contracts meant honoring pledges and oaths, thus reinforcing Rome's commitment to ethical behavior and the continuation of diplomatic strategies. The chances of resolving conflicts were minimal if deceit became the standard in negotiations by commanders.

Iconography

File:Herennia1.1.jpg

Denarius of Herennius, depicting Pietas and an act of .

was represented on coin by cult objects, but also as a woman conducting a sacrifice by means of fire at an altar.Template:R/superscript In the imagery of sacrifice, libation was the fundamental act that came to symbolize .

is first represented on Roman coins on issued by Marcus Herennius in 108 or 107 BCE.Template:R/superscript Pietas appears on the obverse as a divine personification, in bust form; the quality of is represented by a son carrying his father on his back; the symbolism of which would be echoed in Virgil's Aeneid, with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troy.Template:R/superscript is among the virtues that appear frequently on Imperial coins, including those issued under Hadrian.Template:Rp

One of the symbols of was the stork, described by Petronius as , "cultivator of ." The stork represented filial piety in particular, as the Romans believed that it demonstrated family loyalty by returning to the same nest every year, and that it took care of its parents in old age. As such, a stork appears next to Pietas on a coin issued by Metellus Pius (on whose see above).

As goddess

File:Forum Holitorium - Lancianu 1893-1901.jpg

The Temple of Piety with those of Hope and Juno Sospita at the Forum Olitorium, drawn by Lanciani

File:SoutherCircusFlaminiusInRomeByGismondi.jpg

The area of the Forum Olitorium and Theater of Marcellus in the scale model of ancient Rome at the Museum of Roman Civilization

was the divine presence in everyday life that cautioned humans not to intrude on the realm of the gods.Template:R/superscript Violations of required a , expiatory rites.Template:R/superscript

The Temple of Piety at Rome was solemnly vowed by the plebeian consul and new man Manius Acilius Glabrio at the Battle of Thermopylae in 191 BCE, where he defeated the emperor Antiochus the Great during the Roman–Seleucid War.Template:R/superscriptTemplate:R/superscript Completed by his son, it was erected at the northwest end of the Roman vegetable market () near the Carmental Gate. It included a gold statue of the father, the first such statue of a Roman citizen in the city.

According to a miraculous legend (), a poor woman who was starving in prison was saved when her daughter gave her breast milk (compare Roman Charity). Caught in the act, the daughter was not punished, but recognized for her . Mother and daughter were set free, and given public support for the rest of their lives. The site was regarded as sacred to the goddess () because she had chosen to manifest her presence there.Template:R/superscriptTemplate:R/superscript The story exemplified , the proper devotion one ought to show to one's parents.Template:R/superscript

Imperial women portrayed as

was often depicted as goddess on the reverse of Roman Imperial coins, with women of the imperial family on the obverse, as an appropriate virtue to be attributed to them. Women of the Imperial family might be portrayed in art in the goddess's guise.

• Livia as Pietas
  Livia as Pietas
• Salonia Matidia
  Salonia Matidia

See also

• ("Proper Reverence"), the Ancient Greek concept most similar to Latin
• Hope (), Luck (), and Faithfulness (), other concepts worshipped as Roman goddesses
• Virtue/manliness (), dignity (), solemnity (), and modesty (), as Roman concepts
• Template:Annotated link
• "Roman Charity", Valerius Maximus's account of a Roman woman embodying by breastfeeding her incarcerated father to save him from enforced starvation, much depicted in early modern European painting
• Pietas Comunità Gentile, a neopagan Roman-Italic association

References

Bibliography

• "Pietas", Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. XXI (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911, p. 592.

External links

• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons