Polygalaceae
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The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ca. 900 known species[2] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.
The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link.[3] In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into three tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992.[4] Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.
Description
Polygalaceae are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas.[5]Template:R/superscript Its zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, bisexual flowers have three to five petals and five sepals.[6][7] Its leaves are usually alternate, but may be opposite, fascicled, or verticillate.[6] Each flower usually contains eight stamens, though this may range from three to ten. They are usually in two series.[7] The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, samara, or drupe.[6]
Tribes and genera
The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,[6] with tribes based on various sources.[8][9][10][11][12][13]
- Carpolobieae Eriksen
- Atroxima Stapf
- Carpolobia G. Don
- Moutabeae Chodat
- Barnhartia Gleason
- Diclidanthera Mart.
- Eriandra P. Royen & Steenis
- Moutabea Aubl.
- Polygaleae Chodat
- Acanthocladus Klotzsch ex Hassk.
- Ancylotropis B.Eriksen
- Asemeia Raf.
- Badiera DC.
- Bredemeyera Willd.
- Caamembeca J.F.B. Pastore
- Chamaebuxus Tourn. (synonym Polygaloides Haller)
- Comesperma Labill.
- Epirixanthes Blume
- Gymnospora (Chodat) J.F.B.Pastore
- Hebecarpa (Chodat) J.R.Abbott
- Heterosamara Kuntze
- Hualania Phil.
- Monnina Ruiz & Pav.
- Monrosia Grondona
- Muraltia DC.
- Phlebotaenia Griseb.
- Polygala L.
- Rhamphopetalum J.F.B.Pastore & M.Mota
- Rhinotropis (S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott
- Salomonia Lour.
- Securidaca L.
- Xanthophylleae Chodat
- Xanthophyllum Roxb.
- Tribe not assigned
- Senega (DC.) Spach
Fossils
- †Deviacer Manchester
- †Paleosecuridaca Pigg, Kathleen B., M.L. DeVore & M.F. Wojc. 2008
Systematics
Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[13][14][15][16][17][18]
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References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harvard University; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; Australian National Herbarium. "Polygalaceae". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eriksen, Bente (1993). "Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 186 (1/2): 33–55. Bibcode:1993PSyEv.186...33E. doi:10.1007/BF00937712. ISSN 0378-2697. JSTOR 23674643. S2CID 32590790.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Messina, Andre (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 October 2025.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Polygalaceae". Flora of Victoria. Government of Victoria, Australia. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 125–137. JSTOR 41972495.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 67 (3): 435–442. Bibcode:2012KewBu..67..435P. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x. S2CID 19252598.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL (2013). "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon. 22 (3): 304–306. Bibcode:2013Novon..22..304P. doi:10.3417/2010113. S2CID 85269764.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abbott JR, Pastore JF (2015). "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 70 (3): 39. Bibcode:2015KewBu..70...39A. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2. S2CID 22601207.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot. 42 (1): 54–62. Bibcode:2017SysBo..42...54P. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935. S2CID 90353852.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon. 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. Bibcode:2001Taxon..50..763P. doi:10.2307/1223706. JSTOR 1223706.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA (2007). "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution. 61 (7): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x. PMID 17598748. S2CID 37523521.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA (2009). "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot. 34 (1): 102–114. Bibcode:2009SysBo..34..102B. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348. S2CID 85655712.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VS (2015). "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot. 102 (4): 598–608. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400549. PMID 25878092.
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