Pristimantis

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Pristimantis is a very speciose genus of frogs distributed in the southern Caribbean islands (Lesser Antilles) and in Central and South America from Honduras to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.[2] With 626 described species (as of February 2026),[2] the genus has more species than any other vertebrate genus.[3][4] Many of these species are endemic to the Northwestern Andean montane forests ecoregion in north-western South America.[5][6]

Etymology

The genus name is derived from the Greek πρίστις (serrated) and μάντις (arboreal frog).[1]

Taxonomy

Placement of this genus has varied greatly. Pristimantis was long included in the massive genus Eleutherodactylus, and considered part of the family Leptodactylidae. Currently, the genus is placed in the family Strabomantidae[4][7] or Craugastoridae.[2]

The genus was established in 1870 with the description of Pristimantis galdi. It was then placed under synonymy with Hylodes in 1882. In 1955, it was moved under synonymy with Eleutherodactylus along with several other genera. In 2007, it was removed from the genus under the basis of molecular evidence.[8][6]

Species

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File:Comparison of Pristimantis erythros with another species.jpg
Pristimantis orcesi, Pristimantis erythros, Pristimantis pycnodermis and Pristimantis loujosti.

As of February 2026, there are 626 Pristimantis species recognised with new ones continuing to be described on a regular basis with the number of species discovered annually increasing over the last 50 years. The year 2025 alone saw the description of 10 new species.[2] This makes this genus one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates.[8] The greatest diversity of species can be found in the northern Andes of South America (eastern slopes of Ecuador).

Evolutionary history

This genus diverged around 37 million years ago during the Eocene epoch. Then this genus went through an explosive diversification event around 24 million years ago during the Oligocene epoch.[9]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1870). "Fauna neotropicalis species quaedam nondum cognitae". Jornal de Sciências, Mathemáticas, Physicas e Naturaes. 3: 57–65.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Frost, Darrel R. (2026). "Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.2. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 6 February 2026.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Acevedo, Aldemar A.; Palma, R. Eduardo; Olalla-Tárraga, Miguel Ángel (2022). "Ecological and evolutionary trends of body size in Pristimantis frogs, the world's most diverse vertebrate genus". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 18106. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218106A. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22181-5. PMC 9613995. PMID 36302809.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Strabomantidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2026. Retrieved 6 February 2026.
  5. ^ C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2012. Northwestern Andean montane forests. ed. P. Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reyes-Puig, Juan Pablo; Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H.; Ron, Santiago R.; Venegas, Pablo J.; Ortega, Jhael; Carrión-Olmedo, Julio C.; Reyes-Puig, Carolina (13 February 2026). "A new spiny frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes". ZooKeys (1269): 83–105. Bibcode:2026ZooK.1269...83R. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1269.162260. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 12924051. PMID 41725733.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blackburn, D.C.; Wake, D.B. (2011). "Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 39–55. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.8.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reyes-Puig, Carolina; Mancero, Emilio (2022). "Beyond the species name: an analysis of publication trends and biases in taxonomic descriptions of rainfrogs (Amphibia, Strabomantidae, Pristimantis)". ZooKeys (1134): 73–100. Bibcode:2022ZooK.1134...73R. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1134.91348. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 9836588. PMID 36761112.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heinicke, Matthew P.; Duellman, William E.; Hedges, S. Blair (12 June 2007). "Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (24): 10092–10097. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611051104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1891260. PMID 17548823.

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