Proglucagon
Template:Short description An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Proglucagon is a protein that is a precursor of glucagon and several other components. It is cleaved from preproglucagon. Proglucagon is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in the intestinal L cells in the distal ileum and colon.
Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the GCG gene and is composed of 180 amino-acid residues.[1][2]
Function and Terminology
The “pre-” prefix of preproglucagon indicates that it is composed of proglucagon together with a signal peptide. The signal peptide is a 20 amino acid fragment that signals that the protein needs to be secreted out of the cell. Proglucagon has the “pro-“ prefix because it is a prohormone, which means it is an inactivate precursor that needs to be further modified in order to produce active hormone(s). In particular, proglucagon is cleaved (cut) into different active hormones depending on the organ. Omitting various inactive fragments, preproglucagon is cleaved into the following:
Pancreas
- Signal peptide (1-20)
- Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP, 21-50)
- Glucagon (53–81)
Gut and Brain
- Signal peptide (1-20)
- Glicentin (21–89)
- Oxyntomodulin (OXY or OXM, 53–89) – A further cleavage of Glicentin
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1, 92–128) – first seven residues further cleaved
- Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2, 146–178)[3][4]
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schroeder WT, Lopez LC, Harper ME, Saunders GF (1984). "Localization of the human glucagon gene (GCG) to chromosome segment 2q36–37". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 38 (1): 76–79. doi:10.1159/000132034. PMID 6546710.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.White JW, Saunders GF (June 1986). "Structure of the human glucagon gene". Nucleic Acids Research. 14 (12): 4719–4730. doi:10.1093/nar/14.12.4719. PMC 311486. PMID 3725587.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lafferty RA, O'Harte FP, Irwin N, Gault VA, Flatt PR (May 2021). "Proglucagon-Derived Peptides as Therapeutics". Front. Endocrinol. 12. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.689678. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 8171296.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pollock HG, Hamilton JW, Rouse JB, Ebner KE, Rawitch AB (July 1988). "Isolation of peptide hormones from the pancreas of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Amino acid sequences of pancreatic polypeptide, oxyntomodulin, and two glucagon-like peptides". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (20): 9746–9751. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)81581-8. PMID 3260236.
Further reading
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Drucker DJ (November 2005). "Biologic actions and therapeutic potential of the proglucagon-derived peptides". Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1 (1): 22–31. doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0017. PMID 16929363. S2CID 18101345.
External links
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dhanvantari S. "Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Glucagon Synthesis and Secretion". lawsonimaging.ca. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PC1 Cleavage Sites". phoenixpeptide.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2005.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GLP-1 is Derived From Proglucagon". medscape.com.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pro-glucagon". PDBe-KB Aggregated Views of Proteins. Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire: EMBL-EBI.
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