Project Highwater
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Project Highwater was an experiment carried out as part of two of the test flights of NASA's Saturn I launch vehicle (using battleship upper stages), successfully launched into a sub-orbital trajectory from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Highwater experiment sought to determine the effect of a large volume of water suddenly released into the ionosphere.[1][2][3] The project answered questions about the effect of the diffusion of propellants in the event that a rocket was destroyed at high altitude.[4]
The first flight, SA-2, took place on April 25, 1962. After the flight test of the rocket was complete and first stage shutdown occurred, explosive charges on the dummy upper stages destroyed the rocket and released 23,000 U.S. gallons (87,000 liters) of ballast water weighing 190,000 pounds (86,000 kilograms) into the upper atmosphere at an altitude of 65 miles (105 km; 56 nmi),[5] eventually reaching an apex of 90 miles (140 km; 78 nmi).[4]
The second flight, SA-3, launched on November 16, 1962, and involved the same payload.[3] The ballast water was explosively released at the flight's peak altitude of 104 miles (167 km; 90 nmi).[6][7] For both of these experiments, the resulting ice clouds expanded to several miles in diameter and lightning-like radio disturbances were recorded.[4][5][8]
See also
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- High-altitude nuclear explosion - other high altitude explosive tests
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.von Ofenheim, Bill (January 20, 2004). "Saturn I SA-2 Launch". NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wade, Mark. "Highwater". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woodbridge, David D.; Lasater, James A.; Fultz, Bennett M.; Clark, Richard E.; Wylie, Nancy (1963-10-25). "An Analysis of the Second Project High Water Data". Contractor Report.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bilstein, Roger E (1996). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. Washington, DC: NASA History Office. ISBN 0-16-048909-1. Archived from the original on 2004-10-15.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Saturn Aids GSFC Research" (PDF). Goddard News. 2 (10). May 4, 1962. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ryba, Jeanne (July 8, 2009). "History: Saturn Test Flights". NASA.gov. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wade, Mark. "Cape Canaveral LC34". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lasater, James; Woodbridge, David (1966-03-07). "Project High Water - A Test of an Abort in Space". Space Congress Proceedings.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woodbridge, David D; Lasater, James A; et al. (October 25, 1963). An Analysis of the Second Project High Water Data. NASA. hdl:2060/19790078055. NAS10-841.
