Old Prussian language

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Old Prussian
Script error: No such module "Lang".[1][2]Template:Rp
Script error: No such module "Lang". (revived)[3]
RegionPrussia
EthnicityBaltic Prussians
ExtinctEarly 18th century[4]
Revival3 L1 speakers (2021)[5]Template:R/superscript
50 L2 speakers (no date)[6]
Dialects
  • Samland
  • Pomesan
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3prg
prg.html
Glottologprus1238
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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Old Prussian is an extinct West Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region. The language is called Old Prussian to avoid confusion with the German dialects of Low Prussian and High Prussian and with the adjective Prussian as it relates to the later German state. Old Prussian began to be written down in the Latin alphabet in about the 13th century, and a small amount of literature in the language survives. Circa 2021, there has been a revival movement of Old Prussian, and there are families which use Old Prussian as their first language.[5]Template:R/superscript

Classification

Old Prussian is an Indo-European language belonging to the Baltic branch. It is considered to be a Western Baltic language.

Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct West Baltic languages, namely Sudovian, West Galindian[7] and possibly Skalvian and Old Curonian.[8]Template:Rp[9] Other linguists consider Western Galindian and Skalvian to be Prussian dialects.[10]Template:Rp

It is related to the East Baltic languages such as Lithuanian and Latvian, and more distantly related to Slavic. Compare the words for 'land': Old Prussian: Script error: No such module "Lang". [zemē], Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Template:Langx.[citation needed]

Old Prussian had loanwords from Slavic languages (e.g., Old Prussian Script error: No such module "Lang". [kurtis] 'hound', like Lithuanian Script error: No such module "Lang". and Latvian Script error: No such module "Lang"., cognate with Slavic (compare Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx)), as well as a few borrowings from Germanic, including from Gothic (e.g., Old Prussian Script error: No such module "Lang". 'awl' as with Lithuanian Script error: No such module "Lang"., Latvian Script error: No such module "Lang".) and from Scandinavian languages.[11]

Influence on other languages

Germanic

The Low German language spoken in Prussia (or West Prussia and East Prussia), called Low Prussian (cf. High Prussian, High German),[12] preserved a number of Baltic Prussian words, such as Script error: No such module "Lang"., from the Old Prussian Script error: No such module "Lang"., for shoe in contrast to common Template:Langx (Standard German Script error: No such module "Lang".),[13] as did the High Prussian Oberland subdialect.[14]

Until the 1938 changing of place names in East Prussia, Old Prussian river- and place-names, such as Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang"., could still be found.[15][16][17]Template:Rp

Polish

One of the hypotheses regarding the origin of Script error: No such module "Lang". – a phonological merger of dentialveolar and postalveolar sibilants in many Polish dialects – states that it originated as a feature of Polonized Old Prussians in Masuria (see Masurian dialects) and spread from there.[18]

History

Original territory

File:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg
The approximate distribution of the Baltic tribes, c. 1200 CE

In addition to Prussia proper, the original territory of the Old Prussians may have included eastern parts of Pomerelia (some parts of the region east of the Vistula River). The language may also have been spoken much further east and south in what became Polesia and part of Podlasie, before conquests by Rus and Poles starting in the 10th century and the German colonisation of the area starting in the 12th century.[8]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:Rp

Decline

With the conquest of the Old Prussian territory by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century, and the subsequent influx of Polish, Lithuanian and especially German speakers, Old Prussian experienced a 400-year-long decline as an "oppressed language of an oppressed population".[20]Template:Rp Groups of people from Germany, Poland,[21]Template:Rp Lithuania, Scotland,[22] England,[23] and Austria (see Salzburg Protestants) found refuge in Prussia during the Protestant Reformation and thereafter.[5]Template:Rp Old Prussian ceased to be spoken probably around the beginning of the 18th century,[4] because many of its remaining speakers died in the famines and the bubonic plague outbreak which harrowed the East Prussian countryside and towns from 1709 until 1711.[24]

Revitalization

File:Mėnuo Juodaragio XXI Kellan.jpg
The Prussian post-folk band Kellan performing at the Baltic culture festival Mėnuo Juodaragis in Lithuania

In the 1980s, the linguists Vladimir Toporov and Vytautas Mažiulis started reconstructing the Prussian language as a scientific project and a humanitarian gesture. Some enthusiasts thereafter began to revive the language based on their reconstruction.[5]Template:R/superscript

Most current speakers live in Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Kaliningrad (Russia). Additionally, a few children are native in Revived Prussian.[5]Template:R/superscript[25]

Today, there are websites, online dictionaries, learning apps and games for Revived Prussian, and one children's book – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince – was translated into Revived Prussian by Piotr Szatkowski (Pīteris Šātkis) and published by the Prusaspirā Society in 2015.[5]Template:R/superscript[25]Template:R/superscript Moreover, some bands use Revived Prussian, most notably in the Kaliningrad Oblast by the bands Romowe Rikoito,[26] Kellan[27] and Āustras Laīwan, as well as in Lithuania by Kūlgrinda on their 2005 album Script error: No such module "Lang". ('Prussian Hymns'),[28] and Latvia by Rasa Ensemble in 1988[29] and Valdis Muktupāvels in his 2005 oratorio "Pārcēlātājs Pontifex" featuring several parts sung in Prussian.[30]

Dialects

The Elbing Vocabulary and the Catechisms display systematical differences in phonology, vocabulary and grammar. Some scholars postulate that this is due to them being recordings of different dialects:[20]Template:R/superscript Pomesanian[10]Template:R/superscript and Sambian.[10]Template:R/superscript

Phonetical distinctions are: Pom. ē is Samb. ī (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'world'); Pom. ō, Samb. ū after a labial (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'mother') or Pom. ō, Samb. ā (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'father'; Script error: No such module "Lang". 'brother'), which influences the nominative suffixes of feminine ā-stems (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'blood'). The nominative suffixes of the masculine o-stems are weakened to -is in Pomesanian; in Sambian they are syncopated (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'god').

Vocabulary differences encompass Pom. Script error: No such module "Lang". [zmoy] (cf. Lith. žmuo), Samb. Script error: No such module "Lang". 'man'; Pom. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Samb. Script error: No such module "Lang". 'son' and Pom. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Samb. Script error: No such module "Lang". [lauks] 'field'. The neuter gender is more often found in Pomesianan than in Sambian.

Others argue that the Catechisms are written in a Yatvingized Prussian. The differences noted above could therefore be explained as being features of a different West Baltic language Yatvingian/Sudovian.[31]

Phonology

Consonants

The Prussian language is described as having the following consonants:[32]Template:Rp[10]Template:R/superscript

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal. plain pal.
Plosive voiceless p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ
voiced b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ
Fricative voiceless f[a] s sʲ ʃ[b] ʃʲ[b] h[a]
voiced v vʲ z zʲ ʒ[b] ʒʲ[b]
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ
Trill r rʲ
Approximant l lʲ j

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  1. ^ a b The sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". also existed in Old Prussian, but are disputed as to whether they are native to the language as they are non-native to Lithuanian and Latvian.[32]Template:R/superscript
  2. ^ a b c d Palato-alveolar fricatives Script error: No such module "IPA". are recorded as well, usually with the German orthography-style ⟨sch⟩.[32]Template:R/superscript They were allophones of Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". in Pomesanian, but distinct phonemes in Sambian.[10]Template:R/superscript

There is said to have existed palatalization (i.e. Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".) among nearly all of the consonant sounds except for Script error: No such module "IPA"., and possibly for Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[32]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript Whether or not the palatalization was phonemic remains unclear.[10]Template:R/superscript

Apart from the palatalizations Proto-Baltic consonants were almost completely preserved. The only changes postulated are turning Proto-Baltic Script error: No such module "IPA". into Prussian Script error: No such module "IPA". and subsequently changing Proto-Baltic Script error: No such module "IPA". into Script error: No such module "IPA"..[10]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript

Vowels

The following description is based on the phonological analysis by Schmalstieg:[33]

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː oː
Low a aː
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". could also have been realized as Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". is not universally accepted, p.e. by Levin (1975)[34]

Diphthongs

Schmalstieg proposes three native diphthongs:[32]Template:R/superscript

Front Back
Mid Script error: No such module "IPA".
Open Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". may have also been realized as a mid-back diphthong Script error: No such module "IPA". after palatalized consonants.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs in the word Script error: No such module "Lang"., which is thought to be a loanword.

Grammar

With other remains being merely word lists, the grammar of Old Prussian is reconstructed chiefly on the basis of the three Catechisms.[35]Template:Rp

Nouns

Gender

Old Prussian preserved the Proto-Baltic neuter. Therefore, it had three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter).[36]Template:Rp[37]Template:Rp[19]Template:R/superscript

Number

Most scholars agree that there are two numbers, singular and plural, in Old Prussian,[36]Template:R/superscript[37]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript while some consider remnants of dual number identifiable in the existent corpus.[38][39][35]Template:R/superscript

Cases

There is no consensus on the number of cases that Old Prussian had, and at least four can be determined with certainty: nominative, genitive, accusative and dative, with different suffixes.[35]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript[37]Template:R/superscript Most scholars agree, that there are traces of a vocative case, such as in the phrase Script error: No such module "Lang". 'O God the Lord', reflecting the inherited PIE vocative ending Script error: No such module "Lang".,[35]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript differing from nominative forms in o-stem nouns only.[19]Template:R/superscript

Some scholars find instrumental forms,[35]Template:R/superscript while the traditional view is that no instrumental case existed in Old Prussian.[19]Template:R/superscript There could be some locative forms, e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". ('in the evening').[19]Template:R/superscript[40]

Noun stems

Declensional classes were a-stems (also called o-stems), (i)ja-stems (also called (i)jo-stems), ā-stems (feminine), ē-stems (feminine), i-stems, u-stems, and consonant-stems.[10]Template:R/superscript[37]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript[32]Template:R/superscript Some also list ī/jā-stems as a separate stem,[10]Template:R/superscript[37]Template:R/superscript while others include jā-stems into ā-stems and do not mention ī-stems at all.[32]Template:R/superscript

Adjectives

There were three adjective stems (a-stems, i-stems, u-stems), of which only the first agreed with the noun in gender.[19]Template:R/superscript[37]Template:R/superscript

There was a comparative and a superlative form.[37]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript

Verbal morphology

When it comes to verbal morphology present, future and past tense are attested, as well as optative forms (used with imperative or permissive forms of verbs), infinitive, and four participles (active/passive present/past).[35]Template:R/superscript

Orthography

The orthography varies depending on the author. As the authors of many sources were themselves not proficient in Old Prussian, they wrote the words as they heard them using the orthographical conventions of their mother tongue. For example, the use of ⟨s⟩ for both Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". is based on German orthography. Additionally, the writers misunderstood some phonemes and, when copying manuscripts, they added further mistakes.[10]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript

Corpus of Old Prussian

File:The epigram of Basel - oldest known inscription in Prussian language and Baltic language in general, middle of 14th c.jpg
The epigram of Basel – oldest known inscription in Prussian language and Baltic language in general, middle of 14th century

Onomastics

There was Prussian toponomy and hydronomy within the territory of (Baltic) Prussia. Georg Gerullis undertook the first basic study of these names in Script error: No such module "Lang". ('The Old Prussian Place-names'), written and published with the help of Walter de Gruyter, in 1922.[15]Template:R/superscript

Another source are personal names.[41]

Evidence from other languages

Further sources for Prussian words are Vernacularisms in the German dialects of East and West Prussia, as well as words of Old Curonian origin in Latvian and West-Baltic vernacularisms in Lithuanian and Belarusian.[2]Template:R/superscript[42]

Vocabularies

Two Prussian vocabularies are known. The older one by Simon Grunau (Simon Grunovius), a historian of the Teutonic Knights, encompasses 100 words (in strongly varying versions). He also recorded an expression: Script error: No such module "Lang". ('This (is) our lord, our lord'). The vocabulary is part of the Script error: No such module "Lang". written c. 1517–1526.[20]Template:R/superscript

The second one is the so-called Elbing Vocabulary, which consists of 802 thematically sorted words and their German equivalents. Peter Holcwesscher from Marienburg copied the manuscript around 1400; the original dates from the beginning of the 14th or the end of the 13th century. It was found in 1825 by Fr Neumann among other manuscripts acquired by him from the heritage of the Elbing merchant A. Grübnau; it was thus dubbed the Script error: No such module "Lang"..[2]Template:R/superscript[32]Template:R/superscript

Fragmentary texts

There are separate words found in various historical documents.[2]Template:R/superscript

The following fragments are commonly thought of as Prussian, but are probably actually Lithuanian (at least the adage, however, has been argued to be genuinely West Baltic, only an otherwise unattested dialect[43]):

  1. An adage of 1583, Script error: No such module "Lang".: the form Script error: No such module "Lang". in the second instance corresponds to Lithuanian future tense Script error: No such module "Lang". ('will give')
  2. Script error: No such module "Lang". ('Strike! Strike!')

Fragmentary Lord's Prayer

Additionally, there is one manuscript fragment of the first words of the Script error: No such module "Lang". in Prussian, from the beginning of the 15th century:[2]Template:R/superscript Script error: No such module "Lang".

Maletius' Sudovian Book

Vytautas Mažiulis lists another few fragmentary texts recorded in several versions by Hieronymus Maletius in the Sudovian Book in the middle of the 16th century. Palmaitis regards them as Sudovian proper.[2]Template:R/superscript

  1. Script error: No such module "Lang". ('Run, run, devils!')
  2. Script error: No such module "Lang". ('Hello our friend!')
  3. Script error: No such module "Lang". – a drinking toast, reconstructed as Script error: No such module "Lang". ('A cheer for a cheer, a tit for tat', literally: 'A healthy one after a healthy one, one after another!')
  4. Script error: No such module "Lang". ('A carter drives here, a carter drives here!')
  5. Script error: No such module "Lang". – also recorded as Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". ('Oh my dear holy fire!')

Complete texts

In addition to the texts listed beneath, there are several colophons written by Prussian scriptors who worked in Prague and in the court of Lithuanian duke Butautas Kęstutaitis.

Basel Epigram

The so-called Basel Epigram is the oldest written Prussian sentence (1369).[2]Template:R/superscript[44] It reads: Template:Verse translation This jocular inscription was most probably made by a Prussian student studying in Prague (Charles University); found by Stephen McCluskey (1974) in manuscript MS F.V.2 (book of physics Script error: No such module "Lang". by Nicholas Oresme), fol. 63r, stored in the Basel University library.

Catechisms

The longest texts preserved in Old Prussian are three Catechisms printed in Script error: No such module "Lang".. The first two, both from 1545, consist of only six pages of text in Old Prussian – the second one being a correction of the first. The third catechism, from 1561, or Enchiridion, consists of 132 pages of text, and is a translation of Luther's Small Catechism by a German cleric called Abel Will, with his Prussian assistant Paul Megott. Will himself knew little or no Old Prussian, and his Prussian interpreter was probably illiterate, but according to Will spoke Old Prussian quite well. The text itself is mainly a word-for-word translation, and Will phonetically recorded Megott's oral translation. Because of this, the Enchiridion exhibits many irregularities, such as the lack of case agreement in phrases involving an article and a noun, which followed word-for-word German originals as opposed to native Old Prussian syntax.[20]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript

Trace of Crete

The "Trace of Crete" is a short poem added by a Baltic writer in Chania to a manuscript of the Logica Parva by Paul of Venice.[45] Template:Verse translation

Sample texts

Lord's Prayer in Old Prussian (from the so-called "1st Catechism")[2]Template:R/superscript[36]Template:R/superscript Script error: No such module "Lang".

Lord's Prayer after Simon Grunau (Curonian)[19]Template:R/superscript[46][36]Template:R/superscript

Script error: No such module "Lang".

Lord's Prayer after Prätorius (Curonian)[47]Template:Rp[a]

Script error: No such module "Lang".

Lord's Prayer in Lithuanian dialect of Insterburg (Prediger Hennig)[47]Template:R/superscript Script error: No such module "Lang".

Lord's Prayer in Lithuanian dialect of Nadruvia, corrupted (Simon Praetorius)[47]Template:R/superscript Script error: No such module "Lang".

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Adelung simply says "der Prätorius". This is most likely Matthäus Prätorius; because two pages earlier Adelung refers with approval to the writings of both Hartknoch and Prätorius,[47]Template:R/superscript and Christoph Hartknoch worked with Matthäus Prätorius.

References

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    See Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mažiulis, Vytautas (1996). Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological Dictionary of Old Prussian]. Vol. 3. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. pp. 360–361. ISBN 978-54-2000-109-7.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Palmaitis, Mykolas Letas (2007). Old Prussian Written Monuments: Text and Comments (PDF). Kaunas: Lithuanian's World Center for Advancement of Culture, Science and Education. ISBN 978-9986-418-42-9.
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Literature

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  • Johann Severin Vater: Die Sprache der alten Preußen: Einleitung, Ueberreste, Sprachlehre, Wörterbuch, Braunschweig 1821
  • G. H. F. Nesselmann, Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der preußischen Sprache, 2. Beitrag: Königsberg, 1871.
  • G. H. F. Nesselmann, Thesaurus linguae Prussicae, Berlin, 1873.
  • E. Berneker, Die preussische Sprache, Strassburg, 1896 ([2]).
  • R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmäler, Göttingen, 1910.
  • Wijk, Nicolaas van, Altpreussiche Studien : Beiträge zur baltischen und zur vergleichenden indogermanischen Grammatik, Haag, 1918.
  • G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, Berlin-Leipzig, 1922.
  • R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Personnennamen, Göttingen, 1925.
  • G. Gerullis, Zur Sprache der Sudauer-Jadwinger, in Festschrift A. Bezzenberger, Göttingen 1927
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  • (In Lithuanian) V. Mažiulis, Prūsų kalbos paminklai, Vilnius, t. I 1966, t. II 1981.
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For a list of words relating to Old Prussian language, see the Old Prussian language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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