Pumi language

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Pumi
Prinmi
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Native toChina
RegionSichuan, Yunnan
EthnicityPumi
Native speakers
(54,000 cited 1999)[1]
Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
pmi – Northern Pumi
pmj – Southern Pumi
Glottologpumi1242
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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The Pumi language (also known as Prinmi[2]) is a Qiangic language used by the Pumi people, an ethnic group from Yunnan, China, as well as by the Tibetan people of Muli in Sichuan, China.[3][4] Most native speakers live in Lanping, Ninglang, Lijiang, Weixi and Muli.

The autonym of the Pumi is Script error: No such module "IPA". in Western Prinmi, Script error: No such module "IPA". in Central Prinmi, and Script error: No such module "IPA". in Northern Prinmi with variants such as Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[4][5]

In Muli Bonpo-Buddhist priests read religious texts in Tibetan, which needs to be interpreted into Prinmi.[citation needed] An attempt to teach Pumi children to write their language using the Tibetan script has been seen in Ninglang.[6] A pinyin-based Roman script has been proposed, but is not commonly used.[7]

Dialects

Earlier works suggest there are two branches of Pumi (southern and northern), and they are not mutually intelligible. Ding (2014) proposes three major groups: Western Prinmi (spoken in Lanping), Central Prinmi (spoken in southwestern Ninglang, Lijiang, Yulong and Yongsheng) and Northern Prinmi (spoken in northern Ninglang and Sichuan).[5]

Lu (2001)

Dialects of Pumi include the following (Lu 2001).[4]

Southern (22,000 speakers)
Northern (55,000 speakers)

Sim (2017)

Sims (2017)[8] lists the following dialects of Pumi.

  • Northern
    • Sanyanlong 三岩龙 [Jiulong County] (B. Huang & Dai 1992)[9]
    • Taoba 桃巴 [Muli County] (Sun 1991)[10]
    • Shuiluo 水洛 [Muli County] (Jacques 2011)[11]
  • Central
    • Wadu 瓦都[12] [Ninglang County] (Daudey 2014)[13]
    • Niuwozi 牛窝子[14] [Ninglang County] (Ding 2001, etc.)[15]
  • Southern
    • Dayang [Lanping County] (Matisoff 1997)[16]
    • Qinghua 箐花 [Lanping County] (Sun 1991; B. Huang & Dai 1992)[10][9]

Sims (2017)[8] reconstructs high tones and low tones for Proto-Prinmi.

Documentation

Transcribed, translated and annotated audio documents in the Pumi language are available from the Pangloss Collection.[17] They concern Northern dialects of Pumi.

Phonology

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Pumi Consonants
Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar
Nasal voiceless [m̥] [n̥] [ŋ̊]
voiced [m] [n] [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless [p] [t] [ʈ] [k]
aspirated [pʰ] [tʰ] [ʈʰ] [kʰ]
voiced [b] [d] [ɖ] [ɡ]
Affricate voiceless [ts] [ʈʂ] [tɕ]
aspirated [tsʰ] [ʈʂʰ] [tɕʰ]
voiced [dz] [ɖʐ] [dʑ]
Fricative voiceless [s] [ʂ] [ɕ] [x]
voiced [z] [ʐ] [ʑ] [ɣ]
Lateral voiceless [ɬ]
voiced [l]
Approximant voiceless [ɹ̥]
voiced [w] [ɹ] [j]
Oral Vowels of Pumi
Front Central Back
Close [i/Script error: No such module "IPA".] [ɨ] [ʉ] [u]
Close-Mid [e] [ɤ] [o]
Mid [ə]
Open-Mid [ɛ] [ɜ]
Near-Open [ɐ]
Open [a] [ɑ]
Nasal Vowels of Pumi
Front Central Back
Close [ĩ]
Close-Mid [õ]
Mid [ə̃]
Open-Mid [ɛ̃]
Near-Open [ɐ̃]

Orthography

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The pinyin-based Roman script for Pumi has been proposed, but yet to be promoted.

Initials:
Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA
b [p] p [pʰ] bb [b] m [m] hm [m̥]
d [t] t [tʰ] dd [d] n [n] hn [n̥]
g [k] k [kʰ] gg [ɡ] h [x] hh [ɣ]
j [tɕ] q [tɕʰ] jj [dʑ] x [ɕ] xx [ʑ]
z [ts] c [tsʰ] zz [dz] s [s] ss [z]
zh [ʈʂ] ch [ʈʂʰ] zzh [ɖʐ] sh [ʂ] ssh [ʐ]
zr [ʈ], [ʈʂ/Script error: No such module "IPA".] cr [ʈʰ], [ʈʂʰ/Script error: No such module "IPA".] zzr [ɖ], [ɖʐ/Script error: No such module "IPA".] l [l] lh [ɬ]
br Script error: No such module "IPA". pr Script error: No such module "IPA". bbr Script error: No such module "IPA". r [ɹ] hr [ɹ̥]
ng [ŋ] hng [ŋ̊] w [w] y [j]
Rimes:
Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA
i Script error: No such module "IPA". u [u] ui Script error: No such module "IPA". e [ə]
ie Script error: No such module "IPA". iu Script error: No such module "IPA". uee Script error: No such module "IPA".
ii Script error: No such module "IPA". uu Script error: No such module "IPA". ue Script error: No such module "IPA". üa Script error: No such module "IPA".
in Script error: No such module "IPA". ien Script error: No such module "IPA". uen Script error: No such module "IPA". uin Script error: No such module "IPA".
o Script error: No such module "IPA". io Script error: No such module "IPA". on [õ] ion Script error: No such module "IPA".
a [ɑ] ia Script error: No such module "IPA". ua Script error: No such module "IPA". uan Script error: No such module "IPA".
aa [a] uaa Script error: No such module "IPA". an [ɐ̃]
ea Script error: No such module "IPA". ai Script error: No such module "IPA". uai Script error: No such module "IPA".

Tones:

  • Monosyllabic words
    • f – falling tone
    • v – high tone
    • none – rising tone
  • Polysyllable words
    • f – nonspreading of the high tone
    • v – spreading of the high tone to the next syllable
    • r – rising tone
    • none – default low tone

Grammar

A reference grammar of the Wadu dialect of Pumi is available online.[13] A grammar of Central Pumi is also available.[18]

Example

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Pumi English
Tèr gwéjè dzwán thèr phxèungphxàr sì.
Timitae llìnggwe zreungzrun stìng. 		He has broken several hammers.
This man is crying and shouting all the time.

References

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  1. ^ Northern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Ding, P. S. (2014). A Grammar of Prinmi : based on the central dialect of northwest Yunnan, China (1st ed.). Brill.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ding, Picus S. (2003). "Prinmi: A Sketch of Niuwozi". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge Press. pp. 588–601.
  4. ^ a b c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  5. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Shínián, xiāngcūn "hánguī" zǒujìn xiànxué "pǔmǐbān"" 十年，乡村“韩规”走进县学“普米班”. Dàzhòng wǎng 大众网 (in 中文). 2011-10-07.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ding, Picus Sizhi (2007). "Challenges in Language Modernization in China: The Case of Prinmi" (PDF). In David, Maya; Nicholas Ostler; Caesar Dealwis (eds.). Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts (Proceedings of FEL XI). Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 120–126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-26.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sims, Nathaniel (2017). The Suprasegmental Phonology of Proto-Rma (Qiang) in Comparative Perspective. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huang, Bufan 黄布凡; Dai, Qingxia 戴庆厦, eds. (1992). Zàng-Miǎn yǔzú yǔyán cíhuì 藏緬語族語言詞匯 [A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon] (in 中文). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu xueyuan chubanshe.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开; et al. (1991). Zàng-Miǎnyǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì 藏缅语语音和词汇 [Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon] (in 中文). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
  11. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Yǒngníng Xiāng Yǒngníng Cūnwěihuì Zhōngwǎ Zìráncūn" 宁蒗彝族自治县永宁乡永宁村委会中瓦自然村 [Zhongwa Natural Village, Yongning Village Committee, Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in 中文). Archived from the original on 2019-01-22.
  13. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Xīnyíngpán Xiāng Xīnyíngpán Cūnwěihuì Niúwōzǐ Zìráncūn" 宁蒗彝族自治县新营盘乡新营盘村委会牛窝子自然村 [Niuwozi Natural Village, Xinyingpan Village Committee, Xinyingpan Township, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.net (in 中文). Archived from the original on 2019-01-22.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ding, Picus Shizhi (2001). "The Pitch-Accent System of Niuwozi Prinmi" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 57–83.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matisoff, James A. (1997). "Dàyáng Pumi Phonology and Adumbrations of Comparative Qiangic" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 27: 171–213.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pumi corpus". The Pangloss Collection.
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Bibliography

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