Pyralis farinalis

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Adult from above
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The underwings have no conspicuous pattern
Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms

Asopia farinalis Linnaeus, 1758

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Pyralis farinalis, the meal moth, is a cosmopolitan moth of the family Pyralidae. Its larvae (caterpillars) are pests of certain stored foods, namely milled plant products.

It is the type species of the genus Pyralis, and by extension of its entire tribe (Pyralini), subfamily (Pyralinae) and family. Its synanthropic habits were noted even by 18th- and 19th-century naturalists, who described it using terms like domesticalis ("of home and hearth"), fraterna ("as close as a brother"), or the currently-valid farinalis ("of the flour").[1]

At rest, adult moths (imagines) typically hold the tip of their abdomen at 90° to their body. Their upperwings are fairly colourful by moth standards, and have a wingspan of 18–30 mm. Adults fly from June to August.[2] As adults do not live long after mating and eggs hatch quickly, this moth has a quick life cycle and is able to produce multiple generations within a single year.

In Great Britain and some other locations – particularly outside its natural range – it is mostly restricted to anthropogenic habitats of stored grain, e.g. barns and warehouses. However, it has been found in almond orchards among plant detritus and poultry farms among chicken manure.

P. farinalis is a species that is well adapted to living among humans and the urbanization that comes along with them. Though considered a pest to most, since it can decimate grain storages, humans have found uses for the moth. In Chinese culture it is the main ingredient of "insect tea." This drink is popular enough that scientists have been studying the moth's optimum growth conditions so they can possibly cultivate it for commercial use.[3]

Geographic range

Pyralis farinalis has been described as a "cosmopolitan" species, which means its range extends across most of the world.[4] It is found all across the United States, but is mostly found along the eastern coast. This moth is most commonly seen in the Northeastern region.[5] It is also found in Great Britain, in the Falkland Islands, and in China.[6][4]

Habitat

P. farinalis is typically found in silos or other grain storage buildings where the grain is stored poorly and moisture is able to infiltrate the grain supply. Places where refuse vegetable matter is able to accumulate are more likely to house P. farinalis than grain storage buildings where the environment is clean and dry.[7] P. farinalis prefers to live in detritus and has been found in non-urban areas in almond orchards.[8] Meal moths can live in various habitats of damp, moist plant debris, but also even in poultry manure.[4]

Food resources

Caterpillar

As caterpillars, P. farinalis subsists mostly on cereals, but will also feed upon other types of grain and vegetables, such as potatoes. The meal moth's larvae are also interesting because they feed on all parts of the grain plant and do not seem to have any preference for one part of another. The larvae are equally likely to eat a cereal plant's seed, bran, husk, or straw.[7]

Life history

Originally thought to be biennial species, it has been found that P. farinalis typically completes its entire life cycle in the course of eight weeks, and is capable of producing four generations within a year.[7] Fast life cycles in these moths allow them to reproduce and grow their populations rapidly.[4]

Life cycle

Egg

The eggs of P. farinalis are ellipsoid in shape and very wrinkled with creases running lengthwise along the egg.[9] These wrinkles form a reticulated pattern on the surface of the egg.[4] Eggs are usually laid between two and five days after copulation and hatch after a nine-day incubation period.[10][4] A healthy female produces an average of 235 eggs in its lifetime.[10]

File:Buckler W The larvæ of the British butterflies and moths PlateCXLIX.jpg
Figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d larvae in various stages

Caterpillar

The larvae of P. farinalis spend most of their time out of sight of predators and humans. They live in tunnels of silk and meal particles which keep them safe from predators and they come to the openings of these tunnels to feed.[4]

Pupae

Once fully grown, the caterpillars leave their tubes and spin a cocoon where they will develop into an adult. After 6–8 weeks the pupae will emerge as fully developed adults.[4]

Adult

Adults are usually fully developed between 60–65 days after oviposition. Virgin adults would then mate as quickly as possible. Once mated, males and females would usually only live for nine to ten more days.[4]

Enemies

Parasites

P. farinalis is parasitized by a number of species. These include:[11]

Mating

Female/male interactions

Pheromones

An odd behavior that male meal moths exhibit is the attempt to mate with other species, such as Amyelois transitella. It is hypothesized that these two species share the sex pheromone (Z,Z)-11,13-hexa decadienal which female A. transitella use to attract males of their species. However, male P. farinalis are also attracted to this pheromone and will court and copulate with A. transitella females, but it is unlikely that offspring of these copulations would be viable.[8]

Interactions with humans

Pest of crop plants

Because of the meal moth's extensive appetite for cereals and grains, it is considered a pest by agriculturists. If grain is not stored properly, then a colony of meal moths can do considerable damage to the crop.[7][4]

Agricultural use

One of the most surprising uses for P. farinalis is its use in producing "insect tea" in China. In China, the moth lives on the host plant of Litsea coreana and scientists have been studying optimum temperatures for which the moth is able to grow and develop best in the hopes of being able to cultivate the moths for insect tea.[12]

References

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  1. ^ See references in Savela (2009)
  2. ^ Kimber (2010)
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."CAB Direct". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2017-10-25.[dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Subramanyam, Bhadriraju (1995). Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-9522-1.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Meal Moth Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, 1758 | Butterflies and Moths of North America". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wakeham-Dawson, Andrew (2009). "Lepidoptera of the Falkland Islands: (1) Pyraloidea". The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. 121: 137–143 – via ResearchGate.
  7. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Howard, Leland Ossian; Marlatt, C. L. (1896). The Principal Household Insects of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Landolt, P. J.; Curtis, C. E. (1982). "Interspecific Sexual Attraction between Pyralis farinalis L. and Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 55 (2): 248–252. JSTOR 25084280.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arbogast, Richard T.; Van Byrd, Richard (1981-01-01). "External morphology of the eggs of the meal moth, pyralis farinalis (L.), and the murky meal moth, Aglossa caprealis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)". International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 10 (5): 419–423. doi:10.1016/0020-7322(81)90022-2.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Curtis, Charles E.; Landolt, Peter J. (1992-07-01). "Development and life history of Pyralis farinalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on an artificial diet". Journal of Stored Products Research. 28 (3): 171–177. doi:10.1016/0022-474X(92)90037-Q.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.R. T. Cotton; Newell Emanuel Good; United States. Dept. of Agriculture; United States. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (1937). Annotated list of the insects and mites associated with stored grain and cereal products, and of their arthropod parasites and predators. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. p. 2.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mao, Xin; Kusstatscher, Peter; Li, Haoxi; Chen, Xiaoyulong; Berg, Gabriele; Yang, Maofa; Cernava, Tomislav (2020). "Microbiome-Guided Exploration of the Microbial Assemblage of the Exotic Beverage "Insect Tea" Native to Southwestern China". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10 3087. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03087. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 7000658. PMID 32063890.

Bibliography

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