Pyxine
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Pyxine is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Caliciaceae.[2] The genus has a widespread distribution in tropical regions.[3] It was established in 1825 by the Swedish botanist Elias Fries and is distinguished from similar lichens by its characteristic golden fluorescence under ultraviolet light due to the compound lichexanthone. These small, leaf-like lichens form radiating rosettes with narrow Template:Lichengloss and tiny white lines called pseudocyphellae that act as air vents on their upper surface.
Taxonomy
The Swedish botanist Elias Magnus Fries erected the genus Pyxine in 1825, selecting Lecidea sorediata (now Pyxine sorediata) as the type species and placing it in his tribe Pyxinae alongside Umbilicaria because both possessed a "naked" Template:Lichengloss.[4] By 1885 William Nylander already recognised four species whose circumscription is broadly retained today. Fertile Pyxine is distinguished from kindred foliose genera such as Physcia, Dirinaria and Physconia by a subtle purple-violet reaction of the apothecial epithecium to potassium hydroxide solution, a characteristically dark Template:Lichengloss and, most conspicuously, apothecial margins that usually lack algal cells. Additional hallmarks—including frequent pseudocyphellae and a lichexanthone-rich cortex that fluoresces golden under long-wavelength ultraviolet light—were noted early in its study and remain reliable diagnostic features.[5]
Dirinaria is generally accepted as PyxineTemplate:'s closest ally; both genera grow in tropical and subtropical regions and were even combined by some nineteenth-century authors. Nevertheless, they differ consistently in thallus architecture—Dirinaria lobes tend to coalesce laterally, a condition absent in Pyxine—and in secondary chemistry, with Pyxine commonly pairing triterpenes with norstictic acid rather than the divaricatic acid-series compounds typical of Dirinaria.[5]
Description
Pyxine lichens form small, leaf-like (foliose) rosettes whose lobes radiate from a more-or-less central point. Individual lobes are typically narrow—often no more than 0.3–1.5 mm wide—and may look slightly wavy or even swollen in some species. The upper surface is usually pearl-grey to dull yellow-grey and can develop a subtle sugary bloom (Template:Lichengloss) near the tips. A distinctive feature of the genus is the presence of pseudocyphellae: tiny breaks in the upper Template:Lichengloss that appear as fine white lines or a faint network; these act as microscopic air-vents and are absent from many look-alike genera. Vegetative propagules occur along a continuum: some species have fluffy soredia, others pustule-like cushions, and a few produce true cylinder-shaped isidia, so a specimen may show more than one kind of outgrowth on the same thallus. The underside is black with sturdy black root-like rhizines that keep the thallus firmly attached to bark or rock.[5]
The fruiting bodies (apothecia) sit flush with the thallus and carry a flat to slightly domed blackish Template:Lichengloss surrounded by a low rim that often lacks algae, giving an almost Template:Lichengloss look. Slice tests show the rim is in fact a modified Template:Lichengloss margin, and a pale internal stalk tissue ("stipe") may be visible beneath the disc; when a drop of potassium hydroxide solution is added in section the epithecium typically turns a faint violet, another quick clue to the genus. Ascospores are thick-walled, brown, and two-celled. Chemically, most Pyxine species manufacture the yellow pigment lichexanthone in the upper cortex—specimens glow gold under long-wave UV light—while the medulla often contains mixtures of norstictic acid, testacein, and characteristic triterpenes. This chemical palette, together with the dark hypothecium and reticulate pseudocyphellae, separates Pyxine from superficially similar members of the Caliciaceae such as Dirinaria and Physcia.[5]
Species
As of June 2025[update], Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 47 species of Pyxine.[6]
- Pyxine albovirens Template:Au[7]
- Pyxine astipitata Template:Au[8] – Brazil
- Pyxine astridiana Template:Au[9] – neotropical
- Pyxine australiensis Template:Au[10] – Asia; Australia
- Pyxine berteriana Template:Au – pantropical
- Pyxine boonpragobiana Template:Au[11] – Thailand
- Pyxine caesiopruinosa Template:Au
- Pyxine coccifera Template:Au
- Pyxine cocoes Template:Au
- Pyxine cognata Template:Au – pantropical
- Pyxine consocians Template:Au[12]
- Pyxine convexior Template:Au
- Pyxine copelandii Template:Au
- Pyxine cylindrica Template:Au[13] – Papua New Guinea
- Pyxine dactyloschmidtii Template:Au
- Pyxine daedalea Template:Au[14] – Costa Rica
- Pyxine desudans Template:Au[10] – Australia
- Pyxine elixii Template:Au[10] – Australia
- Pyxine endochrysina Template:Au
- Pyxine endocrocea Template:Au[9]
- Pyxine eschweileri Template:Au
- Pyxine exoalbida Template:Au[8] – Brazil
- Pyxine fallax Template:Au[15]
- Pyxine farinosa Template:Au[13] – Papua New Guinea
- Pyxine flavicans Template:Au[16] – China
- Pyxine glaucescens Template:Au
- Pyxine glaucovirescens Template:Au
- Pyxine hengduanensis Template:Au[16] – China
- Pyxine jolyana Template:Au[17] – Brazil
- Pyxine katendei Template:Au – Africa
- Pyxine keralensis Template:Au[18] – India
- Pyxine lilacina Template:Au – Africa
- Pyxine lyei Template:Au – Africa
- Pyxine mantiqueirensis Template:Au[8] – Brazil
- Pyxine mexicana Template:Au
- Pyxine minuta Template:Au
- Pyxine nana Template:Au – neotropical
- Pyxine nubila Template:Au[19]
- Pyxine petricola Template:Au – pantropical
- Pyxine plumea Template:Au[10] – Australia
- Pyxine profallax Template:Au[20]
- Pyxine pseudokeralensis Template:Au
- Pyxine papuana Template:Au[13] – Papua New Guinea
- Pyxine philippina Template:Au – Asia
- Pyxine punensis Template:Au – India
- Pyxine pungens Template:Au
- Pyxine pustulata Template:Au[21] – Brazil
- Pyxine pyxinoides Template:Au – neotropical
- Pyxine retirugella Template:Au
- Pyxine rugulosa Template:Au
- Pyxine schmidtii Template:Au
- Pyxine simulans Template:Au[9] – pantropical
- Pyxine sorediata Template:Au
- Pyxine subcinerea Template:Au[22] – pantropical
- Pyxine subcoralligera Template:Au[11]
- Pyxine yercaudensis Template:Au[23] – India
- Pyxine yunnanensis Template:Au[16] – China
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fries, E.M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latina). Lundin: Typographia Academica. p. 267.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rogers, R.W. (1986). "The genus Pyxine (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in Australia". Australian Journal of Botany. 34 (2): 131–154. Bibcode:1986AuJB...34..131R. doi:10.1071/BT9860131.
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aptroot, A. (1987). Görts-van Rijn, A.R.A. (ed.). Pyxinaceae (Lichens). Flora of the Guianas. E: Fungi and Lichens. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-87429-272-6.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jungbluth, Patrícia; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto (2011). "The Pyxine pungens complex in São Paulo State, Brazil". The Bryologist. 114 (1): 166–177. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.1.166.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kalb, K. (1987). "Brasilianische Flechten. 1. Die Gattung Pyxine". Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in Deutsch). 24: 1–89.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kalb, K. (1994). "Pyxine species from Australia". Herzogia. 10: 61–69. Bibcode:1994Herz...10...61K. doi:10.1127/herzogia/10/1994/61.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Meesim, Sanya; Poengsungnoen, Vasun; Kalb, Klaus (2012). "The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand—I. The genus Pyxine". Phytotaxa. 59 (1): 32–54. Bibcode:2012Phytx..59...32M. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vainio, E.A. (1913). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. II". Philippine Journal of Science Section C Botany (in Latina). 8 (2): 99–137.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kashiwadani, H. (1977). "The genus Pyxine (lichens) in Papua New Guinea". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 3: 63–70.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moberg, R. (1986). "Lichenes selecti exsiccati upsaliensis, Fasc. 1 (Nos 1-25)". Thunbergia. 2: 1–10.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kalb, K. (2004). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. II". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 301–329.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yang, Mei-Xia; Wang, Xin-Yu; Liu, Dong; Zhang, Yan-Yun; Li, Li-Juan; Yin, An-Cheng; Scheidegger, Christoph; Wang, Li-Song (2019). "New species and records of Pyxine (Caliciaceae) in China". MycoKeys (45): 93–109. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.45.29374. PMC 6363720. PMID 30733639.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jungbluth, P.; Marcelli, P.M.; Kalb, K. (2011). "A new species and a new record of Pyxine (Physciaceae) with norstictic acid from São Paulo State, Brazil". Mycotaxon. 115: 435–442. doi:10.5248/115.435.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Awasthi, D.D. (1980). "Pyxine in India". Phytomorphology. 30: 359–379.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moberg, R. (1980). "Studies on Physciaceae (Lichens) 1. A new species of Pyxine". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 27 (3): 189–191.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kalb, K.; Archer, A.W.; Sutjaritturakan, J.; Boonpragob, K. (2009). "New or otherwise interesting lichens V". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99: 225–246.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aptroot, André; Jungbluth, Patrícia; Cáceres, Marcela E.S. (2014). "A world key to the species of Pyxine with lichexanthone, with a new species from Brazil". The Lichenologist. 46 (5): 669–672. Bibcode:2014ThLic..46..669A. doi:10.1017/s0024282914000231.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stirton, J. (1897). "A new classification of the genus Pyxine". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 30: 393–398.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nayaka, Sanjeeva; Upreti, Dalip K.; Ponmurugan, Ponnusamy; Ayyappadasan, Ganesan (2013). "Two new species of saxicolous Pyxine with yellow medulla from southern India". The Lichenologist. 45 (1): 3–8. Bibcode:2013ThLic..45....3N. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000618.
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