Qau language
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Qau, Central Gelao, or Sinicized Gelao (Chinese: 汉仡佬; pinyin: Hàn Gēlǎo) is a Gelao language spoken in Guizhou, China.[1][2]
Dialects
The dialects of Qau that are still spoken are:[3]
- Dagouchang 大狗场 or Pingba Qau (in Pingba County)
- Wanzi 湾子 or Anshun Qau (in Anshun City)
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lat. | plain | lat. | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ̟ | ŋ | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | pˡ | t | k | kˡ | q | (ʔ) | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |||||
| prenasal | ᵐp | ᵐpˡ | ⁿt | ᵑk | ᵑkˡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tɕ | ||||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tɕʰ | |||||||
| prenasal | ⁿts | ᶮtɕ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ɕ | x | h | |||
| voiced | v | vˡ | z | ʑ | |||||
| Approximant | l | (w) | |||||||
- [ʔ] is heard in syllable-initial position before vowels.
- [w] is heard as an initial consonant of Chinese loanwords.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | (ɯ) | u | |
| Mid | e | ə ə˞ | o | |
| Open | a | ɒ | ||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
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| Mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Open | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Triphthong | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| Open | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Triphthong | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
- /i/ is heard as a syllabic [ɹ̩] when after sounds /s, ts/
- [ɯ] is only heard in the diphthong /əɯ/.
- Vowels with a word-final /n/ can also be heard as nasalized [Ṽ].[4]
Tones
The Wanzi dialect has 6 tones.[5]
| Tone | Value | Example[6] | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ˥ | 55 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Water |
| ˦ | 44 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Eight |
| ˧ | 33 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Year |
| ˨˦ | 24 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Blood |
| ˩˧ | 13 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Goat |
| ˥˩ | 31 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Bird |
Pronouns
The following are pronouns from Pingba Gelao.[1]
| Gloss | Pingba Gelao |
|---|---|
| I | (Script error: No such module "IPA".) Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| you | (Script error: No such module "IPA".) Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| he, she, it | (Script error: No such module "IPA".) Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| we | (Script error: No such module "IPA".) Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| you all | (Script error: No such module "IPA".) Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| they | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| my household | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| your household | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| his/her household | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Numerals
Pingba Gelao numerals are given below.
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References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhang, Jimin 张済民 (1993). Gēlǎoyǔ yánjiū 仡佬语研究 [A Study of Gelao] (in 中文). Guiyang: Guizhou minzu chubanshe.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhou, Guoyan 周国炎 (2004). Gēlǎozú mǔyǔ shēngtài yánjiū 仡佬族母語生态硏究 [Studies on the Linguistic Ecology of the Gelao People] (in 中文). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Li, Jinfang 李锦芳 (2006). Xīnán dìqū bīnwēi yǔyán diàochá yánjiū 西南地区濒危语言调查研究 [Studies on Endangered Languages in the Southwest China] (in 中文). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.He, Jiashan [贺嘉善] (1983). Gēlǎo yǔ jiǎn zhì [仡佬语简志] (A sketch of Gelao). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
- ^ He 1983, p. 15.
- ^ Taken from He 1983, pp. 13, 71-73, 75.
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