RGS9
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Template:Short description An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Regulator of G-protein signalling 9, also known as RGS9, is a human gene,[1] which codes for a protein involved in regulation of signal transduction inside cells. Members of the RGS family, such as RGS9, are signaling proteins that suppress the activity of G proteins by promoting their deactivation.[supplied by OMIM][1]
There are two splice isoforms of RGS9 with quite different properties and patterns of expression. RGS9-1 is mainly found in the eye and is involved in regulation of phototransduction in rod and cone cells of the retina; genetic mutations in RGS9-1 cause the eye disease bradyopsia. RGS9-2 is found in the brain, and regulates dopamine and opioid signaling in the basal ganglia.[2]
RGS9-2 is of particular interest as the most important RGS protein involved in terminating signalling by the mu opioid receptor (although RGS4 and RGS17 are also involved), and is thought to be important in the development of tolerance to opioid drugs.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] RGS9-deficient mice exhibit some motor and cognitive difficulties however, so inhibition of this protein is likely to cause similar side effects.[10]
RGS9 is differentially regulated by Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 (GNB5) via the DEP domain and DEP helical-extension domain in protein stability and membrane anchor association.[11]
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Entrez Gene: RGS9 regulator of G-protein signalling 9".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martemyanov KA, Krispel CM, Lishko PV, Burns ME, Arshavsky VY (December 2008). "Functional comparison of RGS9 splice isoforms in a living cell". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (52): 20988–93. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520988M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808941106. PMC 2634932. PMID 19098104.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garzón J, Rodríguez-Díaz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (February 2001). "RGS9 proteins facilitate acute tolerance to mu-opioid effects". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (4): 801–11. doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01444.x. hdl:10261/154868. PMID 11207815. S2CID 23943994.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zachariou V, Georgescu D, Sanchez N, Rahman Z, DiLeone R, Berton O, Neve RL, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE, Gold SJ, Nestler EJ (November 2003). "Essential role for RGS9 in opiate action". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (23): 13656–61. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10013656Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.2232594100. PMC 263869. PMID 14595021.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Montero C, Garzón J (January 2005). "RGS-Rz and RGS9-2 proteins control mu-opioid receptor desensitisation in CNS: the role of activated Galphaz subunits". Neuropharmacology. 48 (1): 134–50. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.016. PMID 15617734. S2CID 40755580.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (March 2005). "Activation of mu-opioid receptors transfers control of Galpha subunits to the regulator of G-protein signaling RGS9-2: role in receptor desensitization". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (10): 8951–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407005200. PMID 15632124.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Psifogeorgou K, Papakosta P, Russo SJ, Neve RL, Kardassis D, Gold SJ, Zachariou V (October 2007). "RGS9-2 is a negative modulator of mu-opioid receptor function". Journal of Neurochemistry. 103 (2): 617–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04812.x. PMID 17725581. S2CID 23246884.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hooks SB, Martemyanov K, Zachariou V (January 2008). "A role of RGS proteins in drug addiction". Biochemical Pharmacology. 75 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.045. PMID 17880927.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Traynor JR, Terzi D, Caldarone BJ, Zachariou V (March 2009). "RGS9-2: probing an intracellular modulator of behavior as a drug target". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (3): 105–11. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.11.006. PMC 3394094. PMID 19211160.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blundell J, Hoang CV, Potts B, Gold SJ, Powell CM (January 2008). "Motor coordination deficits in mice lacking RGS9". Brain Research. 1190: 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.017. PMC 2241663. PMID 18073128.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Masuho, I.; Wakasugi-Masuho, H.; Posokhova, E. N.; Patton, J. R.; Martemyanov, K. A. (2011). "Type 5 G Protein Subunit (G 5) Controls the Interaction of Regulator of G Protein Signaling 9 (RGS9) with Membrane Anchors". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (24): 21806–21813. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.241513. PMC 3122235. PMID 21511947.
Further reading
Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cowan CW, Fariss RN, Sokal I, et al. (1998). "High expression levels in cones of RGS9, the predominant GTPase accelerating protein of rods". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (9): 5351–6. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5351C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5351. PMC 20264. PMID 9560279.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Granneman JG, Zhai Y, Zhu Z, et al. (1998). "Molecular characterization of human and rat RGS 9L, a novel splice variant enriched in dopamine target regions, and chromosomal localization of the RGS 9 gene". Mol. Pharmacol. 54 (4): 687–94. PMID 9765512.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhang K, Howes KA, He W, et al. (2000). "Structure, alternative splicing, and expression of the human RGS9 gene". Gene. 240 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00393-5. PMID 10564809.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yu H, Bondarenko VA, Yamazaki A (2001). "Inhibition of retinal guanylyl cyclase by the RGS9-1 N-terminus". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5346. PMID 11485301.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hu G, Wensel TG (2002). "R9AP, a membrane anchor for the photoreceptor GTPase accelerating protein, RGS9-1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (15): 9755–60. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.9755H. doi:10.1073/pnas.152094799. PMC 125004. PMID 12119397.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martemyanov KA, Lishko PV, Calero N, et al. (2003). "The DEP domain determines subcellular targeting of the GTPase activating protein RGS9 in vivo". J. Neurosci. 23 (32): 10175–81. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10175.2003. PMC 6741003. PMID 14614075.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nishiguchi KM, Sandberg MA, Kooijman AC, et al. (2004). "Defects in RGS9 or its anchor protein R9AP in patients with slow photoreceptor deactivation". Nature. 427 (6969): 75–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.427...75N. doi:10.1038/nature02170. PMID 14702087. S2CID 953980.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ajit SK, Young KH (2004). "Enhancement of pheromone response by RGS9 and Gbeta5 in yeast". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 324 (2): 686–91. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.100. PMID 15474482.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cheng JY, Luu CD, Yong VH, et al. (2007). "Bradyopsia in an Asian man". Arch. Ophthalmol. 125 (8): 1138–40. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.8.1138. PMID 17698770.
External links
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