Riemann xi function

File:Riemann Xi cplot.svg

Riemann xi function $\xi (s)$ in the complex plane. The color of a point $s$ encodes the value of the function. Darker colors denote values closer to zero and hue encodes the value's argument.

In mathematics, the Riemann xi function is a variant of the Riemann zeta function, and is defined so as to have a particularly simple functional equation. The function is named in honour of Bernhard Riemann.

Definition

Riemann's original lower-case "xi"-function, $\xi$ was renamed with a $\Xi$ (Greek uppercase letter "xi") by Edmund Landau. Landau's $\xi$ (lower-case "xi") is defined as

$\xi (s)=\frac{1}{2}s(s-1){\pi }^{-s/2}\Gamma \left(\frac{s}{2}\right)\zeta (s)$

for $s\in ℂ$. Here $\zeta (s)$ denotes the Riemann zeta function and $\Gamma (s)$ is the gamma function.

The functional equation (or reflection formula) for Landau's $\xi$ is

$\xi (1-s)=\xi (s).$

Riemann's original function, renamed as the upper-case $\Xi$ by Landau, satisfies

$\Xi (z)=\xi (\frac{1}{2}+zi),$

and obeys the functional equation

$\Xi (-z)=\Xi (z).$

Both functions are entire and purely real for real arguments.

Values

The general form for positive even integers is

$\xi (2n)=(-1{)}^{n+1}\frac{n!}{(2n)!}{B}_{2n}{2}^{2n-1}{\pi }^n(2n-1)$

where $B_n$ denotes the ⁠$n$⁠th Bernoulli number. For example:

$\xi (2)=\frac{\pi }{6}$

Series representations

The $\xi$ function has the series expansion

$\frac{d}{dz}\ln \xi \left(\frac{-z}{1-z}\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\lambda }_{n+1}{z}^n,$

where

${\lambda }_n=\frac{1}{(n-1)!}{\frac{d^n}{d{s}^n}[s^{n-1}\log \xi (s)]|}_{s=1}=\sum _{\rho }[1-{(1-\frac{1}{\rho })}^n],$

where the sum extends over $\rho$, the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function, in order of $|\mathrm{\Im }(\rho )|$.

This expansion plays a particularly important role in Li's criterion, which states that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to having ${\lambda }_n>0$ for all positive $n$.

Hadamard product

A simple infinite product expansion is

$\xi (s)=\frac{1}{2}\prod _{\rho }(1-\frac{s}{\rho }),$

where $\rho$ ranges over the roots of $\xi$.

To ensure convergence in the expansion, the product should be taken over "matching pairs" of zeroes, i.e., the factors for a pair of zeroes of the form $\rho$ and $\overline{\rho }$ should be grouped together.

References

• Keiper, J.B. (1992). "Power series expansions of Riemann's xi function". Mathematics of Computation. 58 (198): 765–773. Bibcode:1992MaCom..58..765K. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1992-1122072-5.

This article incorporates material from Riemann Ξ function on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Template:Bernhard Riemann