Romans 3

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Romans 3
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Fragment c to h containing parts of the Epistle to the Romans in Papyrus 40, written c. AD 250
BookEpistle to the Romans
CategoryPauline epistles
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part6

Romans 3 is the third chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It was composed by Paul the Apostle, while he was in Corinth in the mid-50s AD,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[1] with the help of an amanuensis (secretary), Tertius, who added his own greeting in Romans 16:22.[2]

In this chapter, Paul asks a series of rhetorical questions in order to develop his theological message,[a] and quotes extensively from the Hebrew Bible.[b] Theologian Albert Barnes suggests that "the design of the first part of this chapter is to answer some of the objections which might be offered by a Jew to the statements in the last chapter."[3]

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Old Testament references

  • Romans 3:4 references Psalm 51:4Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[4]
  • Romans 3:10–12 references Psalm 14:1–3,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Psalm 53:1–3Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and Ecclesiastes 7:20
  • Romans 3:13 references Psalm 5:9Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and Psalm 140:3Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Romans 3:14 references Psalm 10:7Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Romans 3:17 references Isaiah 59:7–8
  • Romans 3:18 references Psalm 36:1Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Romans 3:20 references Psalm 143:2bLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

God's righteousness upheld (verses 1–7)

In verse 2, the chief advantage, or benefit, or responsibility, or superiority[5] of the Jewish people is their possession of the Hebrew Bible (Template:Langx New International Version). Traditional translations (the Geneva Bible, King James Version, American Standard Version and Revised Standard Version) refer to the "oracles of God".

Verse 1

Template:Quote The first of a Jew's objections is stated here. "A Jew would naturally ask, if the view which the apostle had given were correct, what special benefit could the Jew derive from his religion?" The objection follows from Romans 2:26: if a man who is uncircumcised keeps the requirements of the Law, his uncircumcision will be regarded as circumcision.[3][6]

Verse 2

Template:Quote The Jewish "advantage" (Template:Langx) is really an act of entrustment. Nonconformist theologian Matthew Poole stated that "to the Jews were credited, or given in custody, the Holy Scriptures". Stephen, whose martyrdom Paul had witnessed before his conversion, called the scriptures the 'living oracles' (Template:Langx).[7] Handley Moule, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, notes that this verse anticipates a more complete summary of the Jewish "advantage" in Romans 9:4, where "the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service of God, and the promises" are listed as the inheritance of the Jewish people.[8][9]

Slanderous criticisms

In verse 8, Paul refers to slanderous accusations made by "some people",[10] that believers say "Let's do evil that good may result".

Bishop Charles Ellicott suggests that these accusers might have been the Jews or "the Judaizing party";[11] Barnes says it is "doubtless" that they were Jews;[3] Moule argues that they were Paul's "inveterate adversaries in the Church".[9]

No one is righteous (verses 9–20)

Paul's statement that "both Jews and Greeks are under the power of sin" (verse 9) exposes the impossibility of either Gentile or Jew, unaided by God, being able to become righteous (contra Romans 2:7,13, etc.; consistent with Romans 7:7–24), as supported by a compilation of citations from the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament texts) in verses 10–18 describing humanity's utter depravity or incapability of not sinning (Ecclesiastes 7:20; Psalm 5:10; 10:7; 14:1—3; 53:2—4; 36:2; 140:4; Isaiah 59:7—8; Proverbs 1:16).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Only Christ can break sin's power for Jews as well as for Gentiles.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The revelation of God's righteousness (verses 21–26)

This section (extending to verse 31) revisits 'the grand theme', "the righteousness of God", which is introduced in the Thanksgiving part of chapter 1.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Comprising one paragraph, verses 21–26 is called by Stuhlmacher as "the heart of the letter to the Romans",[12] stating that "the divine character—faithful, gracious, forgiving, and merciful—has been revealed in Jesus Christ, specifically in his death as "a sacrifice for sin effective through faith"."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. With that actions, "altogether apart from human initiative", God has fulfilled "what God always intended to do" ("attested by the law and the prophets") "and so is proved righteous".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Verse 23

Template:Quote

  • "Come short" (RSV, NKJV: "fall short) is translated from Template:Langx,[13] also rendered as 'to be in want/impoverished' (Luke 15:14);[14] 'to suffer need" (Philippians 4:12);[15] 'to be destitute' (Hebrews 11:37),[16] and here in the sense of 'to suffer from defect, to fail to attain'.[17]

Verse 25

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"Propitiation" (RSV, NAB: "expiation") is translated from the Greek word Script error: No such module "lang"., which specifically means the lid of the Ark of the Covenant.[18] The only other occurrence of Script error: No such module "lang". in the New Testament is in Hebrews 9:5, where the KJV, NKJV, RSV, and NASB all translate it as 'mercy seat'.

Justification by faith – a conclusion (verses 27–31)

Verse 28

Template:Quote

Verse 29

Template:Quote Romans 3:29 has been interpreted as Paul saying that "God's perfect, ultimate, righteous judgment would carry the same standards for all people".[22]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ There are 15 rhetorical questions according to the New International Version translation.
  2. ^ There are 9 biblical references: see Cross references

References

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  1. ^ Dunn, J. D. G. (1993). "Romans, Letter to the". In Hawthorne, Gerald F. and Martin, Ralph P. (eds.) Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. InterVarsity Press. p. 838. Template:ISBN
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Donaldson, Terence L. (2007). "63. Introduction to the Pauline Corpus". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0199277186.
  3. ^ a b c Barnes, A. (1834), Barnes' Notes on Romans 3, accessed 7 September 2016
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Biblical concordances of Romans 4 in the 1611 King James Version".
  5. ^ Interlinear Bible
  6. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".: International Standard Version (ISV)
  7. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".: KJV
  8. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".: NKJV
  9. ^ a b H. C. G. Moule, Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Romans 3, accessed on 17 September 2016
  10. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".: ISV
  11. ^ Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers on Romans 3, accessed 17 September 2016
  12. ^ Stuhlmacher, P. (1994), Paul's Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, trans. S. J. Hafemann. Louisville, Ky: Westminster/John Knox. p. 57; apud Hill 2007, p. 1092
  13. ^ Greek Text Analysis: Romans 3:23. Biblehub
  14. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".
  15. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".
  16. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".
  17. ^ Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Romans 3". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
  18. ^ Strong's Greek Dictionary G2435
  19. ^ Englishman's Concordance - λογιζόμεθα
  20. ^ Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers on Romans 3, accessed 8 September 2016
  21. ^ Gill's Exposition on Romans 3, accessed 8 September 2016
  22. ^ BibleRef.com, What does Romans 3:29 mean?, accessed on 28 September 2024

Bibliography

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