Rubidgea

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Rubidgea is a genus of gorgonopsian from the upper Permian of South Africa and Tanzania, containing only one species, Rubidgea atrox.[1][2][3] The generic name Rubidgea honours fossil hunter Sidney Rubidge. Its species name, atrox, is derived from Latin, meaning "fierce, savage, terrible". Rubidgea is part of the gorgonopsian subfamily Rubidgeinae, a derived group of large-bodied gorgonopsians restricted to the Late Permian (Lopingian).[4][5][6]

Taxonomy

Discovery

The first Rubidgea fossil was discovered by C. J. M. "Croonie" Kitching, the father of renowned paleontologist James Kitching, on the farm Doornberg outside the small town Nieu-Bethesda during the early 1930s. In a paper published in 1938, Robert Broom named the fossil Rubidgea kitchingi.[7] Broom noted the large size of the new gorgonopsid fossil, stating that it was a new species.[8] Subsequent discoveries in the following decades confirmed Broom's suspicions that a new subfamily of gorgonopsians should be categorised, and the Rubidgeinae was erected.[9]

Classification

File:Rubidgea atrox.png
Holotype skull

The Rubidgeinae are a subfamily of derived gorgonopsians that have only been found in Africa. They are composed of six genera and 17 species. The Rubidgeinae are closely related to their sister group, the Inostranceviinae, which have only been found in Russia. Out of the gorgonopsian clade, the systematics of the Rubidgeinae is the best resolved due to their distinctive character traits. The systematics of other gorgonopsian subfamilies remain chaotic due to a high degree of cranial homomorphism between taxa, making it difficult to distinguish different taxa effectively.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The cladogram below (Kammerer and Rubidge 2022) displays the currently accepted systematic relationships of the Gorgonopsia.[20]

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Description

File:Broomicephalus1DB.jpg
Restoration

Rubidgea was the largest African gorgonopsian and one of the largest gorgonopsians known to have lived.[3] The largest specimens had skulls that measure up to Template:Cvt in length. It has been estimated at 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length.[21][3] Rubidgea was a heavily-built, large-bodied apex predator, and sported a thick skull with long, sabre-like canines.[22][23] The Rubidgeinae group as a whole were some of the largest gorgonopsians known to have lived, only outsized by Inostrancevia, and are characterised by their robust skeletal features, particularly their skulls which are heavily-pachyostosed.[3]

Correlation

Numerous therapsid species, including rubidgenae gorgonopsids, are used as biostratigraphic markers in other African Basins, such as the Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of Zambia, and the Chiweta Beds of Malawi.[24] Rubidgea fossils have been recovered from the Usili Formation of Tanzania, indicating biostratigraphic correlation with upper Permian-aged deposits in South Africa.[25] No rubidgeinae fossils have been found outside of African deposits to date, although the Inostranceviinae are considered to be their Russian counterparts. In 2023, fossils of Inostrancevia were described from South Africa, dating to the onset of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The same paper found no evidence for the survival of Rubidgea to the P–Tr boundary and concluded the genus went extinct prior to it.[26] In 2024, fossils of Inostrancevia were described from the Usili Formation, showing it coexisted with rubidgines before the onset of the end-Permian extinction.[27][28]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sidor, Christian A. (2001). "Evolutionary Patterns Among Permo-Triassic Therapsids". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 32 (1): 449–480. Bibcode:2001AnRES..32..449R. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.CHINSAMY-TURAN, ANUSUYA (2011-11-18). Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00533-5.
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kammerer, Christian F. (2016-01-26). "Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)". PeerJ. 4 e1608. doi:10.7717/peerj.1608. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4730894. PMID 26823998.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (2014). "Mammal-Like Reptiles". In Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (ed.). The Vertebrate Integument Volume 1: Origin and Evolution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 193–219. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53748-6_8. ISBN 978-3-642-53748-6.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Day Michael O.; Ramezani Jahandar; Bowring Samuel A.; Sadler Peter M.; Erwin Douglas H.; Abdala Fernando; Rubidge Bruce S. (2015-07-22). "When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1811) 20150834. Bibcode:2015RSPSB.28250834D. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0834. PMC 4528552. PMID 26156768.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Viglietti, P.A.; Smith, R.M.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Kammerer, C.F.; Fröbisch, J.; Rubidge, B.S. (January 2016). "The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (Lopingian), South Africa: a proposed biostratigraphy based on a new compilation of stratigraphic ranges". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 113: 153–164. Bibcode:2016JAfES.113..153V. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.011.
  7. ^ Broom, Robert. "20. On a New Family of Carnivorous Therapsids from the Karroo Beds of South Africa." In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 527-533. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1938.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kitching, J. W. (1953). "Studies on new specimens of the Gorgonopsia". Palaeontologia Africana.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1973). "THE MODE OF LIFE OF GORGONOPSIANS". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kemp T. S.; Parrington Francis Rex (1969-09-04). "On the functional morphology of the gorgonopsid skull". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 256 (801): 1–83. Bibcode:1969RSPTB.256....1K. doi:10.1098/rstb.1969.0036. S2CID 58926603.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sigogneau, D. (1968). "On the classification of the Gorgonopsia". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554.
  12. ^ Sigogneau-Russell, D., 1989. Theriodontia 1: Phthinosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martins, Rui M. S.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Polcyn, Michael J.; Fernandez, Vincent; Araujo, Ricardo M. (2017-02-21). "Aspects of gorgonopsian paleobiology and evolution: insights from the basicranium, occiput, osseous labyrinth, vasculature, and neuroanatomy". PeerJ. 5 e3119. doi:10.7717/peerj.3119. PMC 5390774. PMID 28413721.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Norton, Luke Allan (2013-02-01). Relative growth and morphological variation in the skull of Aelurognathus (therapsida: gorgonopsia) (Thesis).
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gebauer, Eva V. I. (2014), "Re-assessment of the Taxonomic Position of the Specimen GPIT/RE/7113 (Sauroctonus parringtoni comb. Nov., Gorgonopsia)", in Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.), Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Springer Netherlands, pp. 185–207, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_12, ISBN 978-94-007-6841-3
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kammerer, Christian F. (2014), "A Redescription of Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911 (Therapsida, Gorgonopsia) from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and a Review of Middle Permian Gorgonopsians", in Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.), Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Springer Netherlands, pp. 171–184, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_11, ISBN 978-94-007-6841-3
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kammerer, Christian F. (2015). "Cranial osteology of Arctognathus curvimola, a short-snouted gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of South Africa". Papers in Palaeontology. 1 (1): 41–58. Bibcode:2015PPal....1...41K. doi:10.1002/spp2.1002. ISSN 2056-2802.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015). "New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid-Permian gorgonopsian Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911". Papers in Palaeontology. 1 (2): 201–221. Bibcode:2015PPal....1..201K. doi:10.1002/spp2.1012. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 128762256.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fröbisch, Jörg; Fernandez, Vincent; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Kammerer, Christian F.; Bendel, Eva-Maria (2018-11-28). "Cranial anatomy of the gorgonopsian Cynariops robustus based on CT-reconstruction". PLOS ONE. 13 (11) e0207367. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1307367B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207367. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6261584. PMID 30485338.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kammerer, C. F.; Rubidge, B. S. (2022). "The earliest gorgonopsians from the Karoo Basin of South Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 194 104631. Bibcode:2022JAfES.19404631K. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104631. S2CID 249977414.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Antón, Mauricio (2021-12-22). Sabertooth. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01049-0.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jenkins, Ian; Valkenburgh, Blaire Van (2002-10-01). "Evolutionary Patterns in the History of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic Synapsid Predators". The Paleontological Society Papers. 8: 267–288. doi:10.1017/S1089332600001121. ISSN 1089-3326.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kermack, Doris M.; Kermack, Kenneth A. (1984), Kermack, Doris M.; Kermack, Kenneth A. (eds.), "Dentitions, Tooth-Replacement and Jaw Articulation", The Evolution of Mammalian Characters, Springer US, pp. 66–88, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7817-4_5, ISBN 978-1-4684-7817-4{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  24. ^ Maisch, M.W., 2002. Observations on Karoo and Gondwana vertebrates. Part 3: Notes on the gorgonopsians from the Upper Permian of Tanzania. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte, (4), pp.237-251.
  25. ^ Parrington, F. R. "A new genus of gorgonopsid from East Africa." Annals of the South African Museum 64 (1974): 47-52.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kammerer, Christian F.; Viglietti, Pia A.; Butler, Elize; Botha, Jennifer (2023-06-05). "Rapid turnover of top predators in African terrestrial faunas around the Permian-Triassic mass extinction". Current Biology. 33 (11): 2283–2290.e3. Bibcode:2023CBio...33E2283K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.007. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 37220743.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brant, Anna J.; Sidor, Christian A. (2023-07-04). "Earliest evidence of Inostrancevia in the southern hemisphere: new data from the Usili Formation of Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (4) e2313622. Bibcode:2023JVPal..43E3622B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2313622. ISSN 0272-4634.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macungo, Zanildo; Benoit, Julien; Araújo, Ricardo (2025-03-06). "Inostrancevia africana, the first diagnosable gorgonopsian (Therapsida, Synapsida) from the Metangula graben (Mozambique): new anatomical observations and biostratigraphic implications". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 144 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s13358-025-00348-7. ISSN 1664-2384.

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