Sageuk

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Template:Short description Template:DMCA Template:Infobox Korean name/auto Script error: No such module "lang". (Korean: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Hanja: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Audio file "사극.ogg" not found) in Korean denotes historical dramas, including traditional drama plays, films or television series.[1][2] In English language literature Script error: No such module "lang". usually refers to historical films and television series (of South Korea).[3][2][4] In North Korea, South Korean historical dramas are generally called Template:Korean/auto or classic film.

The first known historical film, The Story of Chun-hyang filmed in 1923, was directed by a Japanese filmmaker. The first Korean sound film was also Script error: No such module "lang".. The heyday of Korean cinema began in the 1950s and lasted until the 1980s, with many Script error: No such module "lang". films released, like Lee Gyu-hwan's Chunhyang adaptation in 1955. In the 1960s, historical melodramas were significant, as well as martial arts films. In the 1970s, due to the popularity of television, cinema started to decline, and in the 1980s it encountered a crisis, which prompted filmmakers to try to win viewers back with erotic pieces. From the 1990s, Im Kwon-taek's movies, as well as The Legend of Gingko and The Eternal Empire are significant works. From the 2000s, Script error: No such module "lang". films started flourishing, between 2012 and 2015 Korean cinema produced five Script error: No such module "lang". that broke the 10 million viewership record. As of 2016 June, the highest grossing South Korean film is also a historical drama: The Admiral: Roaring Currents.

The first television series, a Script error: No such module "lang"., of South Korea aired on state channel KBS in 1962, titled Script error: No such module "lang".. In the 1970s, in contrast to the previous decade, historical TV series portrayed national heroes like Yi Sun-sin or Sejong the Great. The characteristic series of the 1980s was Script error: No such module "lang". ('500 Years of Joseon'). The 1990s were dominated by contemporary dramas with regard to popularity and viewership ratings, despite having produced a number of quality Script error: No such module "lang".. The 2000s saw the birth of the "fusion Script error: No such module "lang"." genre, which changed the historical series genre in South Korea. Some of the significant works from this period are Hur Jun, Damo, Dae Jang Geum and Queen Seondeok.

Popular themes of Script error: No such module "lang". include elements from Korean folklore and mythology, famous or notorious princes, kings, palace intrigue, national heroes and famous women.

History

File:Yangsan do poster.jpg
The poster of Yangsan Province from 1955

Beginnings

File:Chunhyangjon-1923.jpg
Film still from The Story of Chun-hyang (1923).

The first film which can be regarded as a Script error: No such module "lang". was The Story of Chun-hyang, directed by Japanese filmmaker Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in 1923.[3]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The story of Chunhyang is a popular element of Korean folklore, recurring in Korean cinema, as well, having produced more than a dozen adaptations both in films and television series. Some cinematic milestones are also related to it, for example, Lee Myeong-woo's Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 1935 was the first Korean sound film.[3][2][5] From 1940, the number of Korean films declined, due to the Japanese colonialist policies forbidding films other than propaganda movies. Many filmmakers fled the country, and those remaining had to join the pro-Japanese camp. After the second world war ended, filmmakers rather celebrated independence and did not make historical pieces.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

After the Korean war, romanticism was the ruling school of 1950s historical movies in South Korea, often focusing on female characters. The roots of this can be traced back to theatres: grand changgeuks, or folk operas, had been popular, so much so, that they began to be adapted to film. Since these stories focused on human nature, fate, and feelings, actual historical backgrounds were irrelevant. These stories usually preferred the period of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, factual details of which were scarce, thus attention to historical factual accuracy could be avoided. In 1956, Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) adapted the story of Prince Hodong and the Princess of Nakrang, Korea's very own Romeo and Juliet tale.[2][6]

The 1950s to the 1980s are considered the heyday of Chungmuro, or the Korean Hollywood, when more than 100 films were produced annually. The need for historical films was boosted by the success of such works as Lee Gyu-hwan's Chunhyang adaption (1955), Kim Ki-young's Yangsan Province or Jeon Chang-geun's Script error: No such module "lang". (King Gojong and martyr An Jung-Geun; 1959).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

1960s

Script error: No such module "lang". successes of the 1960s were adaptations of works that had previously been successful in other art forms, for example as radio plays, theatrical plays, changgeuk operas or novels. Examples include Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1961), Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'Eunuch'; 1968) or Women of Yi Dynasty (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".; 1969). The atmosphere this time was more conservative than in the 1950s, partially due to Park Chung Hee's dictatorship. Conforming to the circumstances, historical melodramas were preferred, but there were exceptions like Jeong Chang-hwa's martial arts films, inspired by the Shaw Brothers.[2] This is the period when Joseon became the focus of attention, depicting the relationship between kings and officials, determining the nature of historical films for the next decades. Viewers were now more interested in actual historical events than in mystified, old legends. Previously, people were searching for familiar themes in Script error: No such module "lang"., due to modern inventions being relatively new to Korea at the time. By the 1960s, however, they got used to modernities, thus filmmakers turned to decadent themes or novel stories.[6]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[5]

File:Yoon Yeo-jeong at the 2016 Women In Film Korea Festival and Kim Taer-ri at the 2016 Women In Film Korea Festival.jpg
Youn Yuh-jung, who played several historic figures in 1970s, such as Royal Noble Consort Hui in the 1971 MBC TV series Jang Hui-bin [ko] (1971)[7][unreliable source?]

The first historical television series in South Korea was aired in 1962 on state channel KBS, titled Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), directed by Kim Jae-hyeong (Script error: No such module "Lang".), set in the era of Goguryeo.[3][8]

1970s

As television sets started to be rolled out en masse, the number of television series also grew. Just like in cinema, however, the policies of the ruling regime affected them as well. Thus dramatic historical figures were replaced by national heroes like general Yi Sun-sin or Sejong the Great.[2] Script error: No such module "lang". of the time mixed legends and reality, the major cause of which was the enormous demand for TV series. Historical factual accuracy would have required scriptwriters to research historical documents written in hanja characters, which, considering the demand and the daily episodes, would have been impossible. Also, legends were easier to be dramatized.[3]

As television dominated, cinema declined,[6] and out of all the historic films of the period only two could achieve success at the box office: Lee Gyu-ung's Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and yet another Chunhyangga adaptation, this time by Lee Seong-gu.[2] Critics applauded other works, like Gate of Woman (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., 1972), An Executioner (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., 1974), Concentration of Attention (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., 1976) or A War Diary (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., 1977).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

1980s

File:190916 Lee Soon-jae.jpg
Lee Soon-jae, who played several historic figures since 1970s, such as Heungseon Daewongun (1982), Yoo Ui-tae (1991, 1999), Yi Hwang (2004), King Yeongjo (2007) & General Kim Jong-seo (2011)

The characteristic classic Script error: No such module "lang". TV series of the 1980s was Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., '500 Years of Joseon'), which ran for eight years, airing 11 separate TV series with over 800 episodes altogether, depicting the history of Joseon. The series referenced official historical documents (albeit liberally to some extent) and often included debated events and themes. It was directed by Lee Byung-hoon, who later also helmed the popular hallyu series Dae Jang Geum.[3][2]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The state channel KBS aired Gaeguk (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'Foundation of the Kingdom') which depicted King Taejo's usurpation of the Goryeo throne in an overtly positive light, reminiscent of Chun Du-hwan's rise in politics.[2]

The diverse programming on television devoured viewers from attending cinemas, and the film industry had but one way out: show a genre that could not be accessed through television. This is why they turned to making erotic films, a good portion of which were set in historical times. Movies like Eoudong (1985) or Does the Cuckoo Cry at Night (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., 1985) were also popular at the box office. Although erotic movies were popular, the Script error: No such module "lang". genre saw a decline in South Korean cinema generally.[3][2]

1990s

At the beginning of the 1990s, historical films were scarce, except for Bae Chang-ho's Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'Dream'; 1990). The Eternal Empire (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which received outstanding critics, was released in 1995. The film is significant for its different take on the popular story of Crown Prince Sado, focusing on the political aftermath of his death, rather than the pain of the prince himself. Although it did not do well at the box office, the film received eight awards at the Grand Bell Awards, including Best Film and Best Director.[2] Im Kwon-taek's period films are also noteworthy, as well as The Legend of Gingko from 1996.[6]

The 1990s saw a number of Script error: No such module "lang". on television, like Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1994), Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1995), Tears of the Dragon (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1996–1998) or King of the Wind (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1998). However, viewership ratings could not match up to that of contemporary Korean dramas, only a few could reach 30%, while for example the modern themed Eyes of Dawn recorded 58.3%,[9][10] Sandglass broke 50.8%.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[3]

Since 2000

At the beginning of the 2000s, Script error: No such module "lang". were preferred by older generations. Young people chose to watch contemporary series, which they could better relate to. Script error: No such module "lang". were often complicated, archaic in language use, and mainly employed older actors — thus were less appealing to younger generations. A change in attitude is attributed to producer and director Lee Byung-hoon, who entrusted the script of Hur Jun to a young, up-and-coming scriptwriter, Choi Wan-gyu. Instead of dry historical facts and distant wars, the series focused on emotions and relationships, revolving around the legendary Joseon royal physician. A new genre, "fusion Script error: No such module "lang"." was born, changing the structure and format of Korean historical television series. In 2003, actress Ha Ji-won starred in Damo, the first HDTV format Korean TV series. The drama merged characteristics of trendy modern dramas with Hong Kong style wire-fu action scenes, narrating a fictional story set in a real historical time.[3]

File:Kim Soo-hyun as Lee-hwon (Moon Embracing the Sun) 02.jpg
Kim Soo-hyun in costume for fantasy Script error: No such module "lang". Moon Embracing the Sun (2012)
File:161019 구르미 그린 달빛 팬사인회 (5).jpg
Park Bo-gum in costume for youth, fusion sageuk Love in the Moonlight (2016)

As fusion Script error: No such module "lang". conquered televisions, they started to infiltrate cinema, as well. This can be attributed partially to the success of television dramas and partially to the international success of such Chinese historical epics like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hero or the American Gladiator, prompting the need to produce such works at home, as well.[6] In 2003, Untold Scandal with drama icon Bae Yong-joon was released, but the real turning point in historical films came in 2005 with The King and the Clown, breaking box office records selling more than 12 million tickets.[11][3] Period films are also successful in the 2010s in South Korea, between 2012 and 2015, five out of all the films surpassing 10 million viewers were Script error: No such module "lang"., and the record keeper (as of 2016 June) is also a historical piece: The Admiral: Roaring Currents sold 17.61 million tickets. The most popular ones are also of the fusion type, mixing historical facts with fictional people or events. Such works include for example, The Face Reader or Masquerade. Apart from so-called palace dramas, spectacular action-filled Script error: No such module "lang". like War of the Arrows, The Grand Heist or Pirates are also successful in the 21st century. Film series have also appeared, like the Detective K-series, placing a crime investigation story into Joseon settings. Erotic period films experience a renaissance in South Korean cinema, with pieces like Forbidden Quest, The Servant or Empire of Lust.[12][6]

Sungkyunkwan Scandal (2010), Moon Embracing the Sun (2012) and Love in the Moonlight (2016) were all Script error: No such module "lang". adapted from popular novels. They were initially targeted to a younger demographic but has since received mainstream and international success.[13] The productions have also put the spotlight to then emerging actors Song Joong-ki, Yoo Ah-in, Kim Soo-hyun, Park Bo-gum and Kim Yoo-jung.[14]

Large-scale Script error: No such module "lang".s have been rarely produced, but when they were launched, they often caught the attention of the public. Most of them have been fantasy-based, telling the audience a unique story of kings and queens who lived in the ancient era. The most well-known one so far has been The Legend (2007), which featured the Hallyu star Bae Yong-joon.[15] In 2018, Studio Dragon announced it is working on Arthdal Chronicles, a new fantasy Script error: No such module "lang". casting Song Joong-ki and Kim Ji-won.[16] The drama started its first shooting on 1 June and recorded 8% personal best rating.[17][<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed]

On March 5, 2017, Netflix announced that it had given the production a series order for a first season of Kingdom.[18][19] Alongside the series announcement, it was confirmed that Kim Seong-hun would direct the series and that Kim Eun-hee would be credited as the writer.[18] Production companies involved with the series were slated to consist of AStory.[18][20]

Popular themes include the following:[2][12][3]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.사극 (in 한국어). Naver Dictionary. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.영원한 제국 (Eternal Empire) and Chungmuro's Love-Hate for History. TwitchFilm. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."YESASIA: YumCha! - Sageuk, Korea's 80 Year Long Love for History". www.yesasia.com. 14 May 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alison Peirse (2010). Korean Horror Cinema. Edinburgh University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780748643103.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Darcy Pacquet (1 March 2007). "A Short History of Korean Film". Koreanfilm.org. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lee Yong-cheol (24 January 2014). "The Secret of Period Drama". Korean Film Council. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.'죽지 않는' 장희빈 벌써 9명, 김태희가 뒤 이을까. OhmyNews (in 한국어). 22 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."국토만리(國土萬里)" (in 한국어). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jung Jin-young (16 August 2014). 시청률 58% '여명의눈동자'가 온다, 60분 드라마로 재편. Newsen (in 한국어).
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.김대령 (12 September 2017). "[20년 전 오늘] 채시라는 '초콜릿 소녀' 시절이 그립지 않다". Sports Seoul (in 한국어).
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.D'Sa, Nigel (25 April 2006). "King and the Clown Retires After Hit Run". Korea Film Biz Zone. Korean Film Council. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kim, Hyung-seok (7 September 2015). "Period Films Open Up the Era of 10 Million Admissions". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.[기획] '구르미 그린 달빛'이 이어갈까…퓨전사극 속 꿀케미 커플+명대사 톱5. Sports Kyunghyang.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."[SW분석] 박보검, 김수현과 꼭 닮은 성장방식". Sportsworldi. 19 September 2016.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.태왕사신기. MBC News. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."tvN 새 주말드라마 '아스달 연대기' 송중기·장동건·김지원·김옥빈 등 12인의 전설 탄생 예고!". daily.hankooki.com (in 한국어). Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nielsen Korea". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in 한국어). Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  18. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Two of Korea's Top Storytellers Unite for Kingdom - A New Netflix Original Series". Netflix Media Center. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lodderhose, Diana (3 June 2017). "Netflix Boards Korean Zombie Series 'Kingdom'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kim, Su-bin (20 October 2017). "BAE Doo-na Confirmed for 6-episode Netflix Drama Series Kingdom". Korean Film Biz Zone. Retrieved 16 February 2018.

Sources

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