Lezgic languages
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| Lezgic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Template:DAG Script error: No such module "flag". |
| Linguistic classification | Northeast Caucasian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Lezgic language |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | lezg1248 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content. Lezgic | |
Template:Lezgins sidebar The Lezgic languages are one of seven branches of the Northeast Caucasian language family, spoken primarily by the Lezgin ethnic groups.
Lezgin languages are spoken by some 1 million people.
Classification
The languages of minor Lezgic peoples demonstrate a distinct convergence toward the standardized Lezgin literary language.[1] Lezgin, Aghul, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tsakhur and Udi are literary languages. Khinalug may either be Lezgic or an independent branch of the Northeast Caucasian family.
Lezgin ethnic groups in Dagestan - Samur[3] (Nuclear Lezgic)
- Eastern Samur[2]
- Southern Samur
- Western Samur
The voicing of ejective consonants
The Lezgic languages are relevant to the glottalic theory of Indo-European, because several have undergone the voicing of ejectives that have been postulated but widely derided as improbable in that family. The correspondences have not been well worked out (Rutul is inconsistent in the examples), but a few examples are:
- Non-Lezgic: Avar Script error: No such module "IPA".; Lezgic: Rutul Script error: No such module "IPA"., Tsakhur Script error: No such module "IPA". 'name'
- Non-Lezgic: Archi Script error: No such module "IPA"., Lak Script error: No such module "IPA".; Lezgic: Rutul Script error: No such module "IPA"., Tabassaran Script error: No such module "IPA"., Aɡul Script error: No such module "IPA". 'beard'
- Non-Lezgic: Avar Script error: No such module "IPA".; Lezgic: Tabassaran Script error: No such module "IPA". 'moon'
A similar change has taken place in non-initial position in the Nakh languages.[6]
Vocabulary comparison
| Eastern Lezgi | Southern Lezgi | Western Lezgi | Peripheral | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. Alban (extinct)[8] | Lezgi | Agul | Tabasaran | Udi | Budukh | Jek | Kryts | Rutul | Tsakhur | Archi | Khinalug | |
| I | zow | zun | zun | uzu | zu | zyn | zyn | zyn | zy | zy | zon | zy |
| you | wun | vun | chun | uvu | hun | vyn | vun | vun | vy | hu | un | vy |
| we | žan | chun | hin | uhu | yan | yin | jin | zin | ji | shi | nenttu | kin |
| all | vari | vari | vari | vari | vari | pitin | vari | vari | vari | gyrgyn | hunniybu | chinel |
| one | sa | sad | sad | sab | sa | sad | sab | sar | sa | sa | os | sa |
| family | xza | xizan | xizan | xizan | kulfet | yeba | haile | kalfat | xizan | xizan | xizan | aile |
| Lezgin | Agul | Tabasaran | Rutul | Tsakhur | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | ḱil (кIил) | ḱil (кIил) | ḱul (кIул) | ḱul (кIул) | kalle (калле) |
| jacket | valçağ (валчагъ) | valçag (валчаг) | valjağ (валжагъ) | valçağ (валчагъ) | valçağ (валчаг) |
| summit | ḱuḱ (кIукI) | ḱuḱ (кIукI) | ḱaḱ (кIакI) | ḱul (кIул) | ḱol (кIол) |
| montain | suv (сув) | suv (сув) | siv (сив) | siv (сив) | suva (сува) |
| girl | ruş (руш) | ruş (руш) | riş (риш) | reş (реш) | nım (ным) |
| bridegroom | ččam (ччам) | čam (чам) | jam (жам) | jam (жам) | čama (чама) |
| dwelling | ḱwal (кIвал) | xal (хал) | xal (хал) | xal (хал) | xav (хав) |
| land | ččil (ччил) | čil (чил) | jil (жил) | naḉ (начь) | jdil (ждил) |
| winter | q́üd (кьуьд) | ğurd (гIурд) | qürd (къюрд) | q́üd (кьуьд) | q́udum (кьудум) |
| goat | c̣eh (цIегь) | c̣eh (цIегь) | c̣ih (цIигь) | c̣i (цIи) | c̣e (цIеь) |
| ice | murk (мурк) | murk (мурк) | mirkḱ (миркк) | meḱ (мекI) | muk (мук) |
| shovel | qusu (къусу) | ḱiṭa (кIитIа) | q́ursi (кьурси) | ber (бер) | bel (бел) |
| mill | reh (регь) | rax̣ (рахъ) | rağmi (рагъIми) | räh (рэх) | yoha (йоха) |
| meat | yak (як) | yaḱ (йакI) | yikk (иикк) | yak (йак) | çuru (чуру) |
| bride | swas (свас) | sus (сус) | şwuşw (швушв) | swas (свас) | istax (истах) |
| horn | karç (карч) | ḱarç (кIарч) | ḱarç (кIарч) | kaç (кач) | ğaç (гъач) |
| fire | c̣ay (цIай) | c̣ay (цIай) | c̣a (цIа) | c̣ay (цIай) | c̣a (цIа) |
| eagle | leḳ (лекь) | luḱ (лукI) | lüḱ (люкь) | leg (лег) | ḱatir (кьатир) |
| language | mez (мез) | mez (мез) | mez (мез) | miz (миз) | miz (миз) |
See also
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Мещеряков, Н. Л. "Малая советская энциклопедия". Moscow.
- ^ a b 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
- ^ a b Languages in the Caucasus, by Wolfgang Schulze (2009) Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Enthnologue report for Lezgi". Ethnologue.com. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Владение языками и использование языков населением Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года". Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
- ^ Paul Fallon, 2002. The synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives, p 245.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IDS - Entry "I"". ids.clld.org. Retrieved 2026-02-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.murugvi (2020-08-07). "ИСТОРИЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИИ И ПРЕЕМСТВЕННОСТЬ ЛЕЗГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ, ГРУППЫ И ДИАЛЕКТЫ". АЛАМ (in русский). Retrieved 2026-03-01.
External links
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