Satya

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File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg
Script error: No such module "lang". is an important concept and virtue in Indian religions. Rigveda, dated to be from the 2nd millennium BCE, offers the earliest discussion of Script error: No such module "lang"..[1][2] It appears in the fifth and sixth lines in this Rigveda manuscript image.

Script error: No such module "lang". (Sanskrit: Script error: No such module "Lang".; IAST: Script error: No such module "lang".) is a Sanskrit word, usually translated as "truth" or "essence.“[3] Across Indian religions, satya is a deeply valued virtue, signifying the alignment of one's thoughts, speech, and actions with reality.[4] In Yoga philosophy, particularly in Patañjali's Yoga Sutras, Satya is one of the five yamas—moral restraints designed to cultivate truthfulness and prevent the distortion of reality through one’s expressions and behavior.[5]

Etymology and meaning

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "lang". has cognates in a number of diverse Indo-European languages, including the words "sooth" and "sin" in English, "Script error: No such module "lang"." ("Script error: No such module "Lang".") in Russian, "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (truthful) in Danish, "Script error: No such module "Lang"." in Swedish, and "Script error: No such module "lang"." in Avestan, the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism.[6]

In the Vedas and later sutras, the meaning of the word Script error: No such module "lang". evolved into an ethical concept about truthfulness.[4][7] It means being true and consistent with reality in one's thought, speech, and action.[4]

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Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Langx) is the root of many Sanskrit words and concepts such as Script error: No such module "lang". ("pure, truthful") and Script error: No such module "lang". ("truth"). The Sanskrit root Script error: No such module "lang". has several meanings or translations:[8][9]

  1. "Absolute reality"
  2. "Fact"
  3. "Brahman" (not to be confused with Brahmin)
  4. "that which is unchangeable"
  5. "that which has no distortion"
  6. "that which is beyond distinctions of time, space, and person"
  7. "that which pervades the universe in all its constancy"

Script error: No such module "lang". is a common prefix in ancient Indian literature. It implies variously that which is good, true, genuine, virtuous, being, happening, real, existing, enduring, lasting, or essential. For example, Script error: No such module "lang". means true doctrine, Script error: No such module "lang". means one devoted to the truth.[10]Template:Rp[8] In ancient texts, fusion words based on Script error: No such module "lang". refer to "Universal Spirit, Universal Principle, Being, Soul of the World, Brahman".[11][12]

The negation of Script error: No such module "lang". is Script error: No such module "lang"., meaning delusion, distorted, untrue, the fleeting impression that is incorrect, invalid, and false.[10]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript The concepts of Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". are famously expressed in the Pavamana Mantra found in the Script error: No such module "lang". (1.3.28): Template:Verse translation Script error: No such module "lang". is one of the three characteristics of Brahman as described in Script error: No such module "lang"..[12] This association between Script error: No such module "lang"., 'truth', and Script error: No such module "lang"., ultimate reality, is also expressed in Hindu cosmology, wherein Script error: No such module "lang"., the highest heaven of Hindu cosmology, is the abode of Script error: No such module "lang"..

Hinduism

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Vedic literature

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Script error: No such module "lang". is a central theme in the Vedas. It is equated with and considered necessary to the concept of Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".)—that which is properly joined, order, rule, nature, balance and harmony.[1][13] Script error: No such module "lang". results from Script error: No such module "lang". in the Vedas, as it[ambiguous] regulates and enables the operation of the universe and everything within it.[14] Script error: No such module "lang". is considered essential, and without it, the universe and reality falls apart and cannot function.[14]

In the Rigveda, Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". are opposed to Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". (falsehood).[1] Truth and truthfulness is considered as a form of reverence for the divine, while falsehood a form of sin. Script error: No such module "lang". includes action and speech that is factual, real, true, and reverent to Script error: No such module "lang". in Books 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of Rigveda.[2] In the Vedas, Script error: No such module "lang". includes current, future, and past contexts.[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed] De Nicolás[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed] states, that in Rigveda, "Script error: No such module "lang". is the modality of acting in the world of Script error: No such module "lang"., as the truth to be built, formed or established".[2]

Upanishads

Script error: No such module "lang". is widely discussed in various Upanishads, including the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad where Script error: No such module "lang". is called the means to Brahman, as well as Brahman (Being, true self).[15][16] In hymn 1.4.14 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Satya (truth) is equated to Dharma (morality, ethics, law of righteousness),[17] as

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Taittiriya Upanishad's hymn 11.11 states, "Speak the Script error: No such module "lang". (truth), conduct yourself according to the Script error: No such module "lang". (morality, ethics, law)".[18][17]

The hymns of Upanishads portray truth as ultimately always prevailing. The Mundaka Upanishad, for example, states in Book 3, Chapter 1,[19]

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Sandilya Upanishad of Atharvaveda, in Chapter 1, includes ten forbearances[20] as virtues, in its exposition of Yoga. It defines Script error: No such module "lang". as "the speaking of the truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech, or body."[21]

Deussen states that Script error: No such module "lang". is described in the major Upanishads with two layers of meanings—one as empirical truth about reality and another as abstract truth about universal principle, being, and the unchanging. Both of these ideas are explained in early Upanishads, composed before 500 BCE, by variously breaking the word Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang". into two or three syllables. In later Upanishads, the ideas evolve and transcend into Script error: No such module "lang". as truth (or truthfulness), and Script error: No such module "lang". as the Being, Be-ness, real Self, the eternal.[22]

Epics

The Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata states, "The righteous hold that forgiveness, truth, sincerity, and compassion are the foremost (of all virtues). Truth is the essence of the Vedas."[23]

The Epic repeatedly emphasizes that Script error: No such module "lang". is a basic virtue, because everything and everyone depends on and relies on Script error: No such module "lang"..[24]

Template:Verse translation

Yoga Sutras

In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, it is written, “When one is firmly established in speaking truth, the fruits of action become subservient to him."[25] In Yoga sutra, Script error: No such module "lang". is one of the five Script error: No such module "lang"., or virtuous restraints, along with Script error: No such module "lang". (restraint from violence or injury to any living being); Script error: No such module "lang". (restraint from stealing); Script error: No such module "lang". (celibacy or restraint from sexually cheating on one's partner); and Script error: No such module "lang". (restraint from covetousness and craving). Patanjali considers Script error: No such module "lang". as a restraint from falsehood in one's action (body), words (speech, writing), or feelings / thoughts (mind).[5][26] In Patanjali's teachings, one may not always know the truth or the whole truth, but one knows if one is creating, sustaining, or expressing falsehood, exaggeration, distortion, fabrication, or deception.[25] Script error: No such module "lang". is, in Patanjali's Yoga, the virtue of restraint from such falsehood, either through silence or through stating the truth without any form of distortion.[27]

Jainism

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Script error: No such module "lang". is one of the five vows prescribed in Jain Agamas. Script error: No such module "lang". was also preached by Mahavira.[28] According to Jainism, the underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause Script error: No such module "lang". (injury).[29]Template:Rp

According to the Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi: "That which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable, whether it refers to actual facts or not".[30]

According to the Jain text Puruşārthasiddhyupāya:[29]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Quote

Buddhism

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The term Script error: No such module "lang". (Pali: Script error: No such module "lang".) is translated into English as "reality" or "truth." In terms of the Four Noble Truths (Script error: No such module "lang".), the Pali can be written as Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., and Script error: No such module "lang"..

'The Four Noble Truths' (Script error: No such module "lang".) are the briefest synthesis of the entire teaching of Buddhism,[31][32] since all those manifold doctrines of the threefold Pali canon are, without any exception, included therein. They are the truth of suffering (mundane mental and physical phenomenon), of the origin of suffering (Script error: No such module "lang"., craving), of the extinction of suffering (Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang".), and of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the extinction of suffering (the eight supra-mundane mind factors).[33]

Sikhism

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Sat or truthfulness is one of the 5 virtues in Sikhism.

Indian emblem motto

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File:Emblem of India.svg
National Emblem of India

The motto of the republic of India's emblem is Satyameva Jayate which is literally translated as 'Truth alone triumphs'.

See also

References

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hindery, Roderick (1996). Comparative ethics in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 51–55. ISBN 978-81-208-0866-9.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Nicolás, Antonio T. (2003). Meditations Through the Rig Veda. iUniverse. pp. 162–164. ISBN 978-0595269259.
  3. ^ Template:Multiref2
  4. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tiwari, Kedar Nath (1998). "Virtues and Duties in Indian Ethics". Classical Indian Ethical Thought. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 87. ISBN 978-8120816077.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garg, Ganga Ram, ed. (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Vol. 3. Concept Publishing Company. p. 733. ISBN 8170223733.
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  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dhand, A. (2002). "The dharma of ethics, the ethics of dharma: Quizzing the ideals of Hinduism". Journal of Religious Ethics. 30 (3): 347–372. doi:10.1111/1467-9795.00113.
  8. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1052–1054.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ishwaran, Karigoudar (1999). Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement. Leiden: Brill. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-90-04-11412-8.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (2004). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-2000-5.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chaudhuri, H. (1954). "The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy". Philosophy East and West. 4 (1): 47–66. doi:10.2307/1396951. JSTOR 1396951.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aurobindo, Sri; Basu, Arabinda (2002). "The Sadhana of Plotinus". In Gregorios, Paulos (ed.). Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. pp. 153–156. ISBN 978-0-7914-5274-5.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sourcebook of the world's religions: an interfaith guide to religion and spirituality. Novato, Calif.: New World Library. 2000. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-1-57731-121-8.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holdrege, Barbara (2004). "Dharma". In Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene R. (eds.). The Hindu world. New York: Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 0-415-21527-7.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Translated by Madhavananda, Swami (third ed.). Advaita Ashrama. 1950. Section V.
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  17. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference paulh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."taittirIya upanishad". Sanskrit Documents. सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर, satyam vada dharmam cara
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  20. ^ Patanjali states five restraints, rather than ten. The complete list of ten forbearances in Sandilya Upanishad are, in the order they are listed in original Upanishad manuscript: Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., and Script error: No such module "lang".
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Narayanaswami Aiyar, K. (1914). Thirty minor Upanishads. Madras: V̇asanṭā Press. pp. 173–174. OCLC 23013613.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Deussen, Paul (1908). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Translated by Geden, A.S. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 128–133.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dutt, Manmatha Nath, ed. (1903). "Mokshadharma parva". The Mahābhārata: Shanti parva. CCC.12.
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  25. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Patanjali (September 2012). "Sutra Number 2.36". Yoga Sutras. Translated by Ravikanth, B. Sanskrit Works. pp. 140–150. ISBN 978-0988251502.
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  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bryant, Edwin (19 April 2011). "Ahimsa in the Patanjali Yoga Tradition". In Rosen, Steven (ed.). Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions. Praeger. pp. 33–48. ISBN 978-0313397035.
  28. ^ Template:Multiref2
  29. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jain, Vijay K. (2012). Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation. Vikalp Printers. ISBN 978-8190363945. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jain, S.A. (1992) [1960], Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust, p. 197, Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.www.wisdomlib.org (2008-09-27). "Sacca, Saccā: 11 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2025-01-17.
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Sources

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