Semeru

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Template:Short description Template:DMCA Template:DMCA Template:Infobox mountain

Semeru is the highest mountain on the Indonesian island of Java and an active volcano located in the province of East Java in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian Plate subducts under the Eurasian Plate. Semeru is 3,676 m tall at its peak, making it the third tallest volcano in Indonesia.[1]

The name "Semeru" is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the abode of gods. This stratovolcano is Mahameru, meaning "The Great Mountain" in Sanskrit.[2][3]

File:Bromo 02.jpg
In the Tengger Caldera: Mount Batok in front, next the smoking Mount Bromo, active Mount Semeru on skyline, 2014

Geology

Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the volcano's summit. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.[4] The eruptive products are andesitic.[5] Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.

Eruptive history

Semeru's eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 61 eruptive periods have been recorded[6] (11 of which resulted in fatalities) consisting of lava and pyroclastic flows. Almost all historical eruptions have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or 3.[7] Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present.[8] The volcano's most recent eruption occurred in 2025.[9]

2021 eruption

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 2021, Semeru erupted in January, and on 4 and 6 December.[10] The eruption caused Template:Cvt high ejections, lava flows for Template:Cvt and ash rains for Template:Cvt.[11]

At least 57 people died,[12] 104 more were injured, while 23 were unaccounted for.[13] More than 10,000 people were displaced, and 1,027 houses, 43 public facilities and two bridges affected.[11]

2022 eruption

Monsoon rains in 2022 and 2023 led to the collapse of the lava dome; Semeru erupted again on 4 December 2022 with a pyroclastic flow of Template:Cvt length, a pyroclastic earthquake and 13 eruptions earthquakes.[11]

2025 eruption

File:Mount Semeru eruption view on November 19, 2025.jpg
Aerial view Mount Semeru eruption on 19 November 2025

On 19 November 2025, Semeru erupted with a pyroclastic flow over the southern slope[14] that reached Template:Cvt, along with an ash cloud that reached a height of Template:Cvt.[15] As of 20 November 2025, three people were injured, 1,156 were displaced, and 200 houses along with one school building were damaged.[16][17]

Legends

Semeru is named after Sumeru, the central world mountain in Hinduism. As stated in legend, it was transplanted from India to create the island of Java; the tale is recorded in the 15th-century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran. It was originally placed in the western part of the island, but that caused the island to tip, so the gods moved it eastward. On that journey, parts kept coming off the lower rim, forming the mountains Lawu, Wilis, Kelud, Kawi, Arjuno and Welirang. The damage thus caused to the foot of the mountain caused it to shake, and the top came off and created Penanggungan as well.[18] Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java.[19]

Floral problems

Non-native invasive plants

25 non-native plants have been found in Mount Semeru National Park.[20] The non-native plants, which threaten the endemic local plants, were imported via many ways in the colonial era.[21]Template:Rp Around 1906-1907, M. Buysman, a Dutch botanical park owner in Nongkojajar in western slope of Tengger Mts., developed a huge collection of introduced plants in his park, which later spread widely to the surrounding areas.[22]Template:Rp They include Foeniculum vulgare, Verbena brasiliensis, Chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta.[20]

Vegetable plantations

Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable plantations is adding silt to Ranu Pani Lake, causing the lake to gradually shrink. Research has predicted that the lake will disappear by about 2025, unless the vegetable plantations on the hillsides are replaced with more ecologically sustainable perennials.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mount Semeru". Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Indonesia: Death toll rises to 14 after eruption of Semeru volcano". The Guardian. 5 December 2021.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference GVPSmith01 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Semeru Volcano".
  6. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  7. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Volcano erupts in Indonesia". www.abc.net.au. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Indonesia's Mount Semeru Erupts for the Second Time on Friday, February 16". Tempo. 17 February 2024.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kurniawan, W.; Adriansyah, T. (2021). "Indonesia volcano erupts again as death toll rises to 22". KSL. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bachri, S.; Sanjaya, E.H.; Sendari, S.; Shrestha, R.P.; Irawan, L.Y.; Billah, E.N.; Putri, N.R.C.; Prastiwi, M.R.H.; Hakiki, A.; Hidiyah, T.M. (2024). "The Development of Disaster Risk Map for Semeru Volcano Eruption 2021-2022, East Java, Indonesia". Indonesian Journal of Geography. 56 (3): 446–455. doi:10.22146/ijg.89918.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Latu Ratri Mubyarsah, ed. (2021). "Hari Terakhir Pencarian Korban Erupsi Semeru, 57 Orang Meninggal" (in Bahasa Indonesia). Jawa Pos. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Semeru Volcano Eruption Indonesia". No. Semeru Eruption. Reliefweb. 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.martin (19 November 2025). "Semeru volcano (East Java, Indonesia): massive block and ash flow created billowing ash plume". Volcano Discovery. Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Indonesia raises alert for Mount Semeru volcano to the highest level after a series of eruptions". AP News. Jakarta: Associated Press. 19 November 2025. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huda, Miftahul; Wadrianto, Glori K. (20 November 2025). "Korban Luka akibat Erupsi Gunung Semeru Bertambah Jadi 3 Orang" [The number of injured victims from the Mount Semeru eruption has increased to 3]. Kompas Surabaya (in Bahasa Indonesia). Lumajang: Kompas.com. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pengungsi Akibat Erupsi Gunung Semeru Bertambah Jadi 1.156 Orang" [The number of people displaced by the Mount Semeru eruption has increased to 1,156]. CNN Indonesia (in Bahasa Indonesia). 20 November 2025. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Soekmono (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 119. ISBN 979-413-290-X.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Larasati, Ayu Utami (6 December 2021). "Legenda Gunung Semeru yang Melekat di Masyarakat". Tagar.id (in Bahasa Indonesia). Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  20. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Widianto, Eko (25 October 2014). "Foreign Plantations Invade Mt Semeru". Tempo.
  21. ^ Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.Steenis, CGGJ van (1972). The Mountain Flora of Java. Leiden: EJ Brill.
  22. ^ Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.Backer, CA (1936). "Verwilderingscentra op Java van uitheemsche planten." De Tropische Natuur 25 Jub.uitg.:51-60.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Priyasidharta, David (15 December 2014). "Ranu Pane Lake Estimated to Disappear in 10 Years". Tempo.

General sources

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  • Holt, Claire. Art in Indonesia: Continuities and Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967. Page 36 explains the mythological aspect of the mountain.

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