She language

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She
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Native toChina
RegionZengcheng, Boluo County, Huidong County and Haifeng County in Guangdong
Ethnicity710,000 She (2000 census)[1]
Native speakers
(910 cited 1999)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3shx
Glottologshee1238
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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She is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
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The She language (Mandarin: 畲語, Shēyǔ), autonym Ho Le[5] or Ho Ne, Script error: No such module "IPA". or Ho Nte, is a critically endangered Hmong–Mien language spoken by the She people.[6] Most of the over 709,000 She people today speak She Chinese (possibly a variety of Hakka Chinese). Those who speak Sheyu—approximately 1,200 individuals in Guangdong Province—call themselves Ho Ne, "mountain people" (活聶; huóniè).

Names

Speakers refer to themselves as Ho Le (lit. 'mountain people'), as She is the Chinese exonym. Only the Huidong dialect has Ho Ne, while the Boluo, Haifeng, and Zengcheng dialects all use Ho Le as their autonym.[5]

Dialects

There are two main dialects of She, both of which are highly endangered.[7] They are spoken in two small pockets to the west and east of Huizhou City, Guangdong.

  • Luofu 罗浮 (Western She dialect), spoken in Luofu Mountain District 罗浮山区, Boluo County and in Zengcheng District.[8] 580 speakers according to Ethnologue.
  • Lianhua 莲花 (Eastern She dialect), spoken in Lianhua Mountain District 莲花山区, Haifeng County.[8] 390 speakers according to Ethnologue.

External relationships

She has been difficult to classify due to the heavy influence of Chinese on the language. Matisoff (2001), for example, left it unclassified within the Hmongic languages, and some have considered that much to be doubtful, leaving it unclassified within (and potentially a third branch of) the Hmong–Mien languages. She has monosyllabic roots, but has mainly compound words.[7] However, due to the similar components of She, Mao & Li (2002) and Ratliff (2010) consider She to be most closely related to Jiongnai.[9][10]

The She language is not to be confused with She Chinese (Chinese: 畲话, meaning 'She dialect' or 'She speech'), a sister branch to Hakka Chinese spoken by the She people of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. She language and She Chinese speakers have separate histories and identities, although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as She people. The Dongjia of Majiang County, Guizhou are also officially classified as She people, but speak a Western Hmongic language closely related to Chong'anjiang Miao (重安江苗语).

Phonology

Consonants

She consonants
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal. lab. plain pal.
Nasal voiced m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʲ
voiceless ŋ̊
Plosive unaspirated p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ kʷ (ʔ)
aspirated pʰ pʰʲ tʰ tʰʲ kʰ kʰʲ kʰʷ
Affricate unaspirated ts tsʲ
aspirated tsʰ tsʰʲ
Fricative voiceless f s sʲ h hʲ
voiced v z zʲ

Glottal stop is not distinct from zero (a vowel-initial syllable).

There are consonant mutation effects. For instance, pǐ + kiáu becomes pi̋’iáu, and kóu + tȁi becomes kóulȁi.

Vowels

The vowels of She are Script error: No such module "IPA".. It has the finals Script error: No such module "IPA"., with Script error: No such module "IPA". only in Hakka loans, though Script error: No such module "IPA". is never followed by a final, and the only stops which follow the front vowels are Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Tones

She has six tones, reduced to two (high and low) in checked syllables (Hakka loans only). There is quite a lot of dialectical variability; two of the reported inventories (not necessarily in corresponding order) are:

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Vocabulary

Old Chinese loanwords

As a language in southern China, She has various loanwords from Old Chinese.[citation needed]

  • 走 to run
  • 行 to walk; in Standard Mandarin, it means "do" (general sense, not just "to walk")
  • 烏 black
  • 赤 red
  • 寮 house; in Standard Mandarin, it means "hut"
  • 禾 rice (plant); in Standard Mandarin, it means "millet"
  • 鑊 wok
  • 奉 to give; in Standard Mandarin, it means "give with respect"
  • 其 he/she/it
  • 着 to wear
  • 睇 to look; in Standard Mandarin, it means "look askance"
  • 戮 to kill
  • 齧 to bite
  • 使 to use

See also

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She language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

References

Citations

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  1. ^ a b She at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Taguchi, Yoshihisa (2012). On the Phylogeny of the Hmong-Mien languages. Conference in Evolutionary Linguistics 2012 (PowerPoint presentation). Archived from the original (PPTX) on 2016-03-03.
  3. ^ a b Hsiu, Andrew. 2015. The classification of Na Meo, a Hmong-Mien language of Vietnam. Paper presented at SEALS 25, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  4. ^ a b Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Preliminary classification of Hmongic languages Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xiyao, Wang (2023). The Unchecked Tones of Ho Le She. 56th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, 10–12 October 2023. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."She". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mao, Zongwu 毛宗武 (1986). Shēyǔ jiǎnzhì 畲语简志 (in 中文). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mao, Zongwu 毛宗武; Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2002). Jiǒngnàiyǔ yánjiū 炯奈语硏究 [A Study of Jiongnai] (in 中文). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong-Mien Language History. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.

Sources

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