Sideritis

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Sideritis, also known as ironwort,[1] mountain tea and shepherd's tea, is a genus of flowering plants known for their use as herbal medicine, commonly as a herbal tea. They are abundant in Mediterranean regions, the Balkans, the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia, but can also be found in Central Europe and temperate Asia.[2][3][4][5]

History and etymology

In Greek, "sideritis" (Gr: σιδηρίτις) can be literally translated as "he who is made of iron".[6] The plant was known to ancient Greeks, specifically Pedanius Dioscorides and Theophrastus.[7] Although Dioscorides describes three species, only one (probably S. scordioides) is thought to belong to Sideritis. In ancient times "sideritis" was a generic reference for plants capable of healing wounds caused by iron weapons during battles. However, others hold that the name stems from the shape of the sepal, which resembles the tip of a spear.[3]

Taxonomy

File:Sideritis scardica IMG 4653.jpg
Sideritis scardica

In 2002, molecular phylogenetic research found Sideritis and five other genera to be embedded in Stachys.[8] Further studies will be needed before Stachys, Sideritis, and their closest relatives can be revised.

Some schemes recognize and categorize up to 319 distinct species, subspecies, ecotypes, forms or cultivars, including:[9][3]

Botanists have encountered difficulties in naming and classifying the varieties of Sideritis due to their subtle differences. One particularly confusing case is that of S. angustifolia Lagasca and S. tragoriganum Lagasca.[11]

Botany

The genus is composed of short (8–50 cm), xerophytic subshrubs or herbs, annual or perennial, that grow at high elevation (usually over 1000 m) with little or no soil, often on the surface of rocks.[2][5][12][13]

It is pubescent, either villous or coated by a fine, woolly layer of microscopic intertwined hairs.

Sideritis inflorescence is verticillaster.[2][3]

Uses

File:Greekmountaintea.jpg
Ironwort herbal tea.

In Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, and Turkey, Sideritis scardica, Sideritis clandestina, Sideritis syriaca, Sideritis perfoliata and various other species from the section Empedoclia are used as herbs either for the preparation of herbal teas, or for their aromatic properties in local cuisines. The herbal tea is commonly prepared by decoction, by boiling the stems, leaves and flowers in a pot of water, then often serving with honey and lemon.

Some plants in the genus have a history of use in traditional herbal medicine.[14] Research into the potential effects has taken place in universities in the Netherlands and in the southern Balkans where the plant is indigenous.[15]

Chemical constituents include diterpenoids and flavonoids.[16]

Cultivation

Sideritis raeseri is the most commonly cultivated Sideritis in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and North Macedonia, where advanced hybrids also exist.[5] Planting is recommended during two periods (October–November or February–March in the Northern hemisphere) and gathering in July, when in full bloom. The plant is typically dried before usage.[17]

References

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  1. ^ , or ‘’’Mountain Tea’’’Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sideritis (Genus)". Zipcodezoo.com. 2013-10-04. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Τσάϊτουβουνού: ανασκόπησητηςδιεθνούςβιβλιογραφίαςτουγένουςSideritis" (PDF). www.iama.gr. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barber, Janet C. (2000). "Evolution of Endemic Sideritis (Lamiaceae) in Macaronesia: Insights from a Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Analysis". Systematic Botany. 25 (4): 633–647. doi:10.2307/2666725. JSTOR 2666725. S2CID 86223380.
  5. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Greek Mountain Tea - Tsai tou Vounou - Shepherd's Tea". Greekfood.about.com. 2013-11-13. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Itsiopoulos, Dr Catherine (2015-07-16). The Mediterranean Diet. Macmillan Publishers Aus. ISBN 978-1-74353-944-6.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."οικολογια ασπροποταμος". Aspropotamos.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lindqvist, C.; Albert, V. A. (2002). "Origin of the Hawaiian endemic mints within North American Stachys (Lamiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 89 (10): 1709–24. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1709. PMID 21665597.
  9. ^ such as Wikispecies, ITIS and ZipcodeZoo Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ina Aneva (2022). "Sideritis elica, a New Species of Lamiaceae from Bulgaria, Revealed by Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny". Plants. 11 (21). National Library of Medicine: 2900. doi:10.3390/plants11212900. PMC 9654456. PMID 36365353.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Figuerola, R.; Stübing, G.; Peris, J. B. (1991). "Nomenclature and Typification of Sideritis angustifolia and S. tragoriganum (Lamiaceae, Spain)". Taxon. 40 (1): 123–9. doi:10.2307/1222936. JSTOR 1222936.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."τσάι του βουνου γενικές πληροφορίες". Mylona.gr. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stephen Mifsud (2002-08-23). "Wild Plants of Malta & Gozo - Plant: Sideritis romana (Common Siderits)". Maltawildplants.com. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tadić, Vanja; Jeremic, Ivica; Dobric, Silva; Isakovic, Aleksandra; Markovic, Ivanka; Trajkovic, Vladimir; Bojovic, Dragica; Arsic, Ivana (2012). "Anti-inflammatory, Gastroprotective, and Cytotoxic Effects of Sideritis scardica Extracts". Planta Medica. 78 (5): 415–427. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1298172. PMID 22274814.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.González-Burgos, E.; Carretero, M.E.; Gómez-Serranillos, M.P. (2011). "Sideritis spp.: Uses, chemical composition and pharmacological activities—A review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 135 (2): 209–25. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.014. PMID 21420484.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Villar, A; Recio, MC; Ríos, JL; Zafra-Polo, MC (1986). "Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Sideritis species". Die Pharmazie. 41 (4): 298–9. PMID 3523549.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΑ, ΑΥΤΟΦΥΗΕΙ∆ΗΚΑΙΒΕΛΤΙΩΣΗΣΤΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΤΣΑΙΤΟΥΒΟΥΝΟΥ(Sideritis L.)" (PDF). www.iama.gr. Retrieved 2021-04-03.

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