Specific modulus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Template:Short description Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight ratio or specific stiffness. High specific modulus materials find wide application in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is required. The dimensional analysis yields units of distance squared per time squared. The equation can be written as:
where is the elastic modulus and is the density.
The utility of specific modulus is to find materials which will produce structures with minimum weight, when the primary design limitation is deflection or physical deformation, rather than load at breaking—this is also known as a "stiffness-driven" structure. Many common structures are stiffness-driven over much of their use, such as airplane wings, bridges, masts, and bicycle frames.
To emphasize the point, consider the issue of choosing a material for building an airplane. Aluminum seems obvious because it is "lighter" than steel, but steel is stronger than aluminum, so one could imagine using thinner steel components to save weight without sacrificing (tensile) strength. The problem with this idea is that there would be a significant sacrifice of stiffness, allowing, e.g., wings to flex unacceptably. Because it is stiffness, not tensile strength, that drives this kind of decision for airplanes, we say that they are stiffness-driven.
The connection details of such structures may be more sensitive to strength (rather than stiffness) issues due to effects of stress risers.
Specific modulus is not to be confused with specific strength, a term that compares strength to density.
Applications
Specific stiffness in tension
The use of specific stiffness in tension applications is straightforward. Both stiffness in tension and total mass for a given length are directly proportional to cross-sectional area. Thus performance of a beam in tension will depend on Young's modulus divided by density.
Specific stiffness in buckling and bending
Specific stiffness can be used in the design of beams subject to bending or Euler buckling, since bending and buckling are stiffness-driven. However, the role that density plays changes depending on the problem's constraints.
Beam with fixed dimensions; goal is weight reduction
Examining the formulas for buckling and deflection, we see that the force required to achieve a given deflection or to achieve buckling depends directly on Young's modulus.
Examining the density formula, we see that the mass of a beam depends directly on the density.
Thus if a beam's cross-sectional dimensions are constrained and weight reduction is the primary goal, performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density.
Beam with fixed weight; goal is increased stiffness
By contrast, if a beam's weight is fixed, its cross-sectional dimensions are unconstrained, and increased stiffness is the primary goal, the performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by either density squared or cubed. This is because a beam's overall stiffness, and thus its resistance to Euler buckling when subjected to an axial load and to deflection when subjected to a bending moment, is directly proportional to both the Young's modulus of the beam's material and the second moment of area (area moment of inertia) of the beam.
Comparing the list of area moments of inertia with formulas for area gives the appropriate relationship for beams of various configurations.
Beam's cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions
Consider a beam whose cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions, e.g. a solid round beam or a solid square beam.
By combining the area and density formulas, we can see that the radius of this beam will vary with approximately the inverse of the square of the density for a given mass.
By examining the formulas for area moment of inertia, we can see that the stiffness of this beam will vary approximately as the fourth power of the radius.
Thus the second moment of area will vary approximately as the inverse of the density squared, and performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density squared.
Beam's cross-sectional area increases in one dimension
Consider a beam whose cross-sectional area increases in one dimension, e.g. a thin-walled round beam or a rectangular beam whose height but not width is varied.
By combining the area and density formulas, we can see that the radius or height of this beam will vary with approximately the inverse of the density for a given mass.
By examining the formulas for area moment of inertia, we can see that the stiffness of this beam will vary approximately as the third power of the radius or height.
Thus the second moment of area will vary approximately as the inverse of the cube of the density, and performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density cubed.
However, caution must be exercised in using this metric. Thin-walled beams are ultimately limited by local buckling and lateral-torsional buckling. These buckling modes depend on material properties other than stiffness and density, so the stiffness-over-density-cubed metric is at best a starting point for analysis. For example, most wood species score better than most metals on this metric, but many metals can be formed into useful beams with much thinner walls than could be achieved with wood, given wood's greater vulnerability to local buckling. The performance of thin-walled beams can also be greatly modified by relatively minor variations in geometry such as flanges and stiffeners.[1][2][3]
Stiffness versus strength in bending
Note that the ultimate strength of a beam in bending depends on the ultimate strength of its material and its section modulus, not its stiffness and second moment of area. Its deflection, however, and thus its resistance to Euler buckling, will depend on these two latter values.
Approximate specific stiffness for various materials
| Material | Young's modulus (GPa) | Density (g/cm3) | Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (106 m2s−2) | Young's modulus per density squared (103 m5kg−1s−2) | Young's modulus per density cubed (m8kg−2s−2) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latex foam, low density, 10% compression[4] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Reversible Assembled Cellular Composite Materials | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | [5][6] |
| Self Reprogrammable Mechanical Metamaterials | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | [7][8] |
| Latex foam, low density, 40% compression[4] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Latex foam, high density, 10% compression[4] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Latex foam, high density, 40% compression[4] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Silica aerogel, medium density[9] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Rubber (small strain) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.045 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.145[10] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.051 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.05655 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.0621 | |
| Expanded polystrene (EPS) foam, low density (1 lb/ft3)[11] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Silica aerogel, high density[9] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Expanded polystrene (EPS) foam, medium density (3 lb/ft3)[11] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Low-density polyethylene | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.015 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.005 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.005 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.015 | |
| PTFE (Teflon) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Duocel aluminum foam, 8% density[12] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Extruded polystrene (XPS) foam, medium density (Foamular 400)[13][14] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Extruded polystrene (XPS) foam, high density (Foamular 1000)[13][14] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| HDPE | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[15] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Duocel copper foam, 8% density[16] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Polypropylene[17] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.3 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.33 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.37 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.41 | |
| Polyethylene terephthalate | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.35 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.0425 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.3 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.23 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.225 | |
| Nylon | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.0 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.9 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.75 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.65 | |
| Polystyrene | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.25 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.2 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.25 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.2 | |
| Biaxially-oriented Polypropylene[17] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.0 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.11 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.23 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.37 | |
| Medium-density fibreboard | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[18] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Titanium foam, low density[19] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Titanium foam, high density[19] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Foam glass[20] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Copper (Cu) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Brass and bronze | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±12.5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.165 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2.0 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.25 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.03 | |
| Zinc (Zn) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Oak wood (along grain) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.17[21] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±3.5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±9.5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±20.0 | |
| Concrete (under compression) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±10 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±4 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.75 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.7 | |
| Glass-reinforced plastic[22][23][24] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±14.45 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±8 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±4.35 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2.5 | |
| Pine wood | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.155[21] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±6 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±26 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±89 | |
| Balsa, low density (4.4 lb/ft3)[25] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Tungsten (W) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Sitka spruce green[26][27][28] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.7 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±13 | |
| Osmium (Os) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Balsa, medium density (10 lb/ft3)[25] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Steel | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.15 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.1 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.02 | |
| Titanium alloys | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±7.5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.35 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.08 | |
| Balsa, high density (16 lb/ft3)[25] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Wrought iron | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±10 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.2 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.35 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.055 | |
| Magnesium metal (Mg) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Sitka spruce dry[26][27][28] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.8 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±12 | |
| Macor machineable glass-ceramic[29] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Cordierite[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Glass | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±20 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.2[31] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±10 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±4.8 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2.1 | |
| Tooth enamel (largely calcium phosphate) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[32] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| E-Glass fiber[33][34] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Basalt fiber | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Zirconia[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Tungsten carbide (WC) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±100 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±6.5 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.4 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.025 | |
| S-Glass fiber[33][35] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Flax fiber[36][37][38][39] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±34 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.15 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±29.35 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±25 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±21 | |
| single-crystal Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[40] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Kevlar 29[41] (tensile only[42]) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Steatite L-5[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Mullite[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Dyneema SK25 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (tensile only)[43] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Beryllium, 30% porosity[44] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Kevlar 49[41] (tensile only[42]) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Silicon[45] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Alumina fiber (Al2O3)[46][47][35] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±0.315 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±7 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±4 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.74 | |
| Syalon 501 Silicon nitride[48] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Sapphire[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Alumina[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (70:30 fibre:matrix, unidirectional, along grain)[49] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Dyneema SK78/Honeywell Spectra 2000 UHMWPE (tensile only)[43][50] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±11 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±11 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±12 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±12 | |
| Silicon carbide (SiC) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Beryllium (Be) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Boron fiber[51] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Boron nitride[30] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Diamond (C) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | |
| Dupont E130 carbon fiber[52] | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Material | Young's modulus (GPa) | Density (g/cm3) | Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (106 m2s−2) | Young's modulus per density squared (103 m5kg−1s−2) | Young's modulus per density cubed (m8kg−2s−2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applewood or wild apple (Pyrus malus) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ash, black (Fraxinus nigra) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ash, blue (quadrangulata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ash, green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ash, white (Fraxinus americana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Aspen (Populus tremuloides) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Aspen, large tooth (Populus grandidentata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Basswood (Tilia glabra or Tilia americanus) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Beech (Fagus grandifolia or Fagus americana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Beech, blue (Carpinus caroliniana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Birch, gray (Betula populifolia) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Birch, paper (Betula papyrifera) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Birch, sweet (Betula lenta) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Buckeye, yellow (Aesculus octandra) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Butternut (Juglans cinerea) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cedar, eastern red (Juniperus virginiana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cedar, northern white (Thuja occidentalis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cedar, southern white (Chamaecyparis thvoides) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cedar, western red (Thuja plicata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cherry, black (Prunus serotina) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cherry, wild red (Prunus pennsylvanica) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Chestnut (Castanea dentata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cottonwood, eastern (Populus deltoides) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cypress, southern (Taxodium distichum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Dogwood (flowering) (Cornus Florida) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Douglas fir (coast type) (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Douglas fir (mountain type) (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ebony, Andaman marble-wood (India) (Diospyros kursii) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ebony, Ebè marbre (Mauritius, E. Africa) (Diospyros melanida) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Elm, American (Ulmus americana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Elm, rock (Ulmus racemosa or Ulmus thomasi) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Elm, slippery (Ulmus fulva or pubescens) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Eucalyptus, Karri (W. Australia) (Eucalyptus diversicolor) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Eucalyptus, Mahogany (New South Wales) (Eucalyptus hemilampra) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Eucalyptus, West Australian mahogany (Eucalyptus marginata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Fir, balsam (Abies balsamea) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Fir, silver (Abies amabilis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Gum, black (Nyssa sylvatica) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Gum, blue (Eucalyptus globulus) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Gum, red (Liquidambar styraciflua) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Gum, tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hemlock eastern (Tsuga canadensis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hemlock, mountain (Tsuga martensiana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hemlock, western (Tsuga heterophylla) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hickory, bigleaf shagbark (Hicoria laciniosa) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hickory, mockernut (Hicoria alba) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hickory, pignut (Hicoria glabra) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hickory, shagbark (Hicoria ovata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ironwood, black (Rhamnidium ferreum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±1.64 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±2.78 | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".±3.56 |
| Larch, western (Larix occidentalis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Locust, black or yellow (Robinia pseudacacia) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Locust honey (Gleditsia triacanthos) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Magnolia, cucumber (Magnolia acuminata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Mahogany (W. Africa) (Khaya ivorensis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Mahogany (E. India) (Swietenia macrophylla) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Mahogany (E. India) (Swietenia mahogani) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Maple, black (Acer nigrum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Maple, red (Acer rubrum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Maple, silver (Acer saccharinum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Maple, sugar (Acer saccharum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, black (Quercus velutina) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, bur (Quercus macrocarpa) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, canyon live (Quercus chrysolepis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, laurel (Quercus Montana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, live (Quercus virginiana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, post (Quercus stellata or Quercus minor) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, red (Quercus borealis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, swamp chestnut (Quercus Montana (Quercus prinus)) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak swamp white (Quercus bicolor or Quercus platanoides) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Oak, white (Quercus alba) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Paulownia (P. tomentosa) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, eastern white (Pinus strobus) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, jack (Pinus banksiana or Pinus divericata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, loblolly (Pinus taeda) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, longleaf (Pinus palustris) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, pitch (Pinus rigida) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, red (Pinus resinosa) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Pine, shortleaf (Pinus echinata) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Poplar, balsam (Populus balsamifera or Populus candicans) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Poplar, yellow (Liriodendron tulipifera) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Sassafras (Sassafras uariafolium) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Satinwood (Ceylon) (Chloroxylon swietenia) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Spruce, black (Picea mariana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Spruce, red (Picea rubra or Picea rubens) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Spruce, white (Picea glauca) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Tamarack (Larix laricina or Larix americana) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Teak (India) (Tectona grandis) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Walnut, black (Juglans nigra) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Willow, black (Salix nigra) | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Material | Young's modulus (GPa) | Density (g/cm3) | Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (106 m2s−2) | Young's modulus per density squared (103 m5kg−1s−2) | Young's modulus per density cubed (m8kg−2s−2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thallium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cesium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Arsenic | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Lead | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Indium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Rubidium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Selenium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Bismuth | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Europium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ytterbium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Barium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Gold | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Plutonium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cerium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Praseodymium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cadmium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Neodymium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Hafnium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Lanthanum | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Promethium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Thorium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Samarium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Lutetium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Terbium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Tin | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Tellurium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Gadolinium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Dysprosium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Holmium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Erbium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Platinum | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Thulium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Silver | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Antimony | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Lithium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Palladium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Zirconium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Sodium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Uranium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Tantalum | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Niobium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Calcium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Yttrium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Copper | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Zinc | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Silicon | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Vanadium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Tungsten | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Rhenium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Rhodium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Nickel | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Iridium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Cobalt | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Scandium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Titanium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Magnesium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Aluminum | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Manganese | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Iron | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Molybdenum | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Ruthenium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Chromium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
| Beryllium | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". | Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". |
See also
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:Template:If then show|Template:If then show]].
