Spicara
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Spicara is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species in the genus are known as picarels.
Taxonomy
Spicara was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1810 by the French naturalist and polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque when he described Spicara flexuosa as a new species.[1] Rafinesque gave the type locality of S. flexuosa as Sicily.[2] The genera Spicara and Centracanthus were formerly classified within the family Centracanthidae but phylogenetic analyses recovered the family Sparidae as paraphyletic if Spicara was not included within it. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the picarels in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[3] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Boopsinae,[4] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[3]
Etymology
Spicara is a vernacular name for picarels, particularly S. flexuosa in Italy. This is presumed to derive from spica, "a spike", or spicare, meaning "in the form of or furnished with a spike", Rafinesque did not explain why he chose this name.[5]
Species
There are currently eight recognized species in this genus:[6]
- Spicara alta (Osório, 1917) (Bigeye picarel)
- Spicara australis (Regan, 1921) (Southern picarel)
- Spicara axillare (Boulenger, 1900) (Windtoy)
- Spicara flexuosum (Rafinesque, 1810)[7][8]
- Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blotched picarel)
- Spicara martinicus (Valenciennes, 1830)
- Spicara melanurus Valenciennes, 1830) (Blackspot picarel)
- Spicara nigricauda (Norman, 1931) (Blacktail picarel)
- Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Picarel)
The following fossil species are also known:
- †Spicara dionysii Arambourg, 1927 - Late Miocene of Algeria[9]
- †Spicara islamdagica (Prokofiev, 2001) - Early Miocene of Azerbaijan[10]
The former species Spicara fundata Bannikov, 1990 from the Middle Miocene of Moldova is now placed in its own genus, †Naslavcea. Potential earlier fossils of Spicara are known dating back to the Eocene, but only the form of isolated otoliths.[10][11]
Characteristics
Spicara picarels have oblong bodies which are deeper than the length of the head. They have a continuous dorsal fin with the bases of the soft rayed parts of both the dorsal and the anal fin are enclosed in a scaly sheath.[12] The largest species in the genus is S. axillaris with a maximum published total length of Template:Cvt while with a maximum published total length of Template:Cvt S. nigricauda is the smallest species.[6]
Distribution
Spicara picarels are found mainly in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Indian Ocean.[6] There is one species S. martinicum which is known only from its holotype collected off the island of Martinique in the Caribbean Sea.[13]
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bektas Y.; Aksu I.; Kalayci G.; Irmak E.; Engin S.; Turan D. (2018). "Genetic differentiation of three Spicara (Pisces: Centracanthidae) species, S. maena, S. flexuosa and S. smaris: and intraspecific substructure of S. flexuosa in Turkish coastal waters". Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 18 (2): 301–311. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v18_2_09.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Imsiridou A.; Minos G.; Gakopoulou A.; Katsares V.; Karidas T.; Katselis G. (2011). "Discrimination of two picarel species Spicara flexuosa and Spicara maena (Pisces: Centracanthidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Fish Biology. 78 (1): 373–377. Bibcode:2011JFBio..78..373I. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02858.x. PMID 21235569.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gaudant, Jean (2008). "Paléobiodiversité et paléoenvironnements: l'exemple des gisements de poissons téléostéens du Messinien préévaporitique d'Oran et du bassin du Chélif (Algérie)". Geodiversitas. 30 (1): 141–163.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bannikov, A. F. (2006-01-01). "On the miocene centracanthidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the eastern Paratethys". Paleontological Journal. 40 (1): 100–102. Bibcode:2006PalJ...40..100B. doi:10.1134/S0031030106010114. ISSN 1555-6174.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bannikov, A. F. (1990). "A new smarid fish (Perciformes, Centracanthidae) from the Sarmatian of Moldavia". Paleontological Journal. 24 (2): 99–103.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. ISBN 978-1-990951-32-9.
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