Spriggina

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Temporal range: Late Ediacaran, 555 Ma
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Fossil of S. floundersi. Scale in millimetres
Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Glaessner, 1958
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File:Big Spriggina floundersi.jpg
Large landscape model of Spriggina floundersi, located in Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary

Spriggina is a genus of early animals whose relationship to living animals is unclear. Fossils of Spriggina are known from the late Ediacaran period in what is now South Australia. Spriggina floundersi is the official fossil emblem of South Australia;[2] it has been found nowhere else.

The organism reached 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and may have been predatory. Its bottom was covered with two rows of tough interlocking plates, while one row covered its top; its front few segments fused to form a "head."[citation needed]

The affinity of Spriggina is unknown; it has been variously classified as an annelid worm, a rangeomorph-like frond, a variant of Charniodiscus, a proarticulatan, an arthropod (perhaps related to the trilobites), or even an extinct phylum. The lack of known segmented legs or limbs, coupled with the presence of glide reflection instead of symmetric segments, suggests that an arthropod classification is unlikely despite some superficial resemblance.[3]

The genus Spriggina originally contained three different species—S. floundersi, S. ovata, and S. borealis—but S. ovata is now considered a junior synonym of Marywadea ovata,[4][5] while the phylogenetic status of S. borealis remains[as of?] a subject of active debate.[5]

Description

File:Spriggina floundersi - MUSE.jpg
S. floundersi, life restoration at MUSE – Science Museum in Trento
File:Spriggina, Ediacaran metazoan, Vendian, Ediacara Hills, south Australia - Houston Museum of Natural Science - DSC01385.JPG
Cast of S. floundersi at Houston Museum of Natural Science

Spriggina grew to 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and was approximately oblong. The organism was segmented, with no fused segments; the segments were sometimes curved.[6] The upper surface of the organism was covered by one row of overlapping cuticular plates, the underside with paired plates.[6]

File:Spriggina observed in situ at Nilpena Ediacara National Park.jpg
An example of Spriggina observed in situ at Nilpena Ediacara National Park

The first two segments formed a "head". The front segment had the shape of a horseshoe with a pair of depressions on its upper surface; these may have represented eyes.[6] The second segment may have borne antennae. Subsequent segments bore annulations.[6]

Some fossils have what may be a circular mouth at the centre of the semicircular head, although interpretation is hampered by the small size of the creature relative to the large grains of sandstones in which it is preserved.[6] Legs are not preserved.

The symmetry observed is not exactly bilaterian[6] but appears to be a glide reflection, where opposite segments are shifted by half an interval.[3] In some specimens the body segments tilt backwards, making roughly chevron patterns; while in others they are more or less straight. There appear to be fairly complex variations between these two extremes.[citation needed]

Discovery and naming

The genus was named after Reg Sprigg who discovered the fossils of the Ediacara Hills—part of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia—and was a proponent of their recognition as multicellular organisms.[1] Spriggina floundersi is at present the only generally accepted species in this genus. The specific name "floundersi" refers to amateur South Australian fossil hunter Ben Flounders.[7] Spriggina ovata has now been moved into its own genus, Marywadea.[8]

Spriggina is known only from beds of Ediacaran age. Fossils from the Vindhyan basin, reliably dated to around 1,650 million years old,[9] have been classified as Spriggina,[10] but in all likelihood represent microbial artifacts.[9]

Spriggina possessed a tough, though uncalcified body, evident from the fossils' preservation: always as a mould in the lower surface of the fossiliferous bed.

Classification

File:Spriggina flounensi C.jpg
Digitally enhanced image of a Spriggina fossil

Like many of the Ediacara biota, the relationship of Spriggina to other groups is unclear. It bears some similarity to the living polychaete worm Tomopteris and Amphinomidae,[11] but its lack of chaetae, along with other lines of evidence, suggests that it cannot be placed in this phylum.[12] It was also compared to the rangeomorphs, frondose members of the Ediacara biota that may represent a separate kingdom.[13] While its glide symmetry may suggest otherwise, some researchers like Mark McMenamin suggested Spriggina would be an arthropod; its superficial resemblance to the trilobites may suggest a close relationship to this class and even suggested to be predatory.[14][15] However, later studies do not consider such Ediacaran biota like it and Parvancorina to be stem-arthropods, as they do not share compelling characters with arthropods, and there are no definite proof to make them related to arthropods or other extant bilaterians.[16][17][18] This similarity to trilobites could also be an example of convergent evolution.[19]

Affinity

At first, Spriggina was thought to resemble a polychaete worm such as Nereis, but a close look at the segmentation reveals that the segments do not match across the midline, just as in Dickinsonia. In 1989 Seilacher turned the interpretation upside-down, suggesting that Spriggina could be another type of sea-pen, and that the ‘head’ was actually a holdfast.[20][21]

A relationship with arthropods has also been suggested because of superficial similarities with the Cambrian trilobite, but the lack of limbs[3] and exoskeleton casts profound doubt on an arthropod affinity.[22] Furthermore, the broad pleural lobes of trilobites served primarily as a rigid hood under which the legs could process the sediment for food.[23]

South Australia’s fossil emblem

In 14 February 2017 the Spriggina was adopted as South Australia’s fossil emblem, due the fact it hasn’t been found anywhere else. The uniqueness of this Ediacaran fossil has led it to become the official fossil emblem of South Australia, the 550-million-year-old fossil was chosen for best representing the state’s geological and scientific prowess.[24] More than 3500 South Australians cast their vote for a fossil to become the state’s new emblem in an online poll.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Glaessner, Martin F. (1958). "New Fossils from the Base of the Cambrian in South Australia" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 81: 185–188. Template:BHL page. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."FOSSIL EMBLEM OF THE STATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. 2017 (8). Adelaide: Department of the Premier and Cabinet: 509. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ivantsov A.Yu. (2001). "Vendian and Other Precambrian "Arthropods"". Paleontological Journal. 35: 335–343.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Glaessner, Martin F. & Wade, Mary (1966). "The Late Precambrian Fossils from Ediacara, South Australia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 9 (4): 599–628. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fedonkin, Mikhail A.; Gehling, James G.; Grey, Kathleen; Narbonne, Guy M.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2007). The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801886799.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCall (2006). "The Vendian (Ediacaran) in the geological record: Enigmas in geology's prelude to the Cambrian explosion". Earth-Science Reviews. 77 (1–3): 1–229. Bibcode:2006ESRv...77....1M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.08.004.
  7. ^ Vickers-Rich, P. Komarower, P. The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. The Geological Society, 2007, p. 444.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Glaessner, Martin F. (1976). "A new genus of late Precambrian polychaete worms from South Australia" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 100 (3): 169–170. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 29 September 2007.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bengtson, Stefan; Belivanova, Veneta; Rasmussen, Birger; Whitehouse, Martin (2009). "The controversial "Cambrian" fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (19): 7729–7734. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7729B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812460106. PMC 2683128. PMID 19416859.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.De, C (2005). "Ediacara fossil assemblage in the upper Vindhyans of Central India and its significance". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 27 (5): 660–683. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.006.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Donovan, S. K.; Lewis, D. N. (2001). "Fossils explained 35: The Ediacaran biota". Geology Today. 17 (3): 115–120. doi:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x. S2CID 128395097.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Merz (2006). "Polychaete chaetae: Function, fossils, and phylogeny". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (4): 481–96. doi:10.1093/icb/icj057. PMID 21672760.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Seilacher, A. (1992). "Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution". Journal of the Geological Society. 149 (4): 607–613. Bibcode:1992JGSoc.149..607S. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607. S2CID 128681462. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McMenamin, Mark (1 January 2003). "Spriggina is a trilobitoid ecdysozoan". Abstracts with Programs.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McMenamin, M. A. S. (2003). "Origin and early evolution of predators: The ecotone model and early evidence for macropredation". In P. Kelley; M. Kowalewski; T. Hansen (eds.). Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Budd, Graham E.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2009). "The origin and evolution of arthropods". Nature. 457 (7231): 812–817. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..812B. doi:10.1038/nature07890. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 19212398.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Legg, David A. (2014). Smith, Andrew (ed.). "Origins and early evolution of arthropods". Palaeontology. 57 (3): 457–468. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57..457E. doi:10.1111/pala.12105. ISSN 0031-0239.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Budd, Graham E.; Jensen, Sören (2017). "The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution". Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 446–473. doi:10.1111/brv.12239. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 26588818.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Conway Morris, S. (1993). "The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa" (PDF). Nature. 361 (6409): 219. Bibcode:1993Natur.361..219M. doi:10.1038/361219a0. S2CID 86276440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Selden, P.A.; Nudds, J.A. (2012). Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 15–18. doi:10.1016/C2012-0-01282-3. ISBN 978-0-12-404629-0.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Seilacher, A.; Gishlick, A. (2014). Morphodynamics. CRC Press. p. 137. doi:10.1201/b17557. ISBN 9780429170416.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Seilacher, A. (1989). "Vendozoa: organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere". Lethaia. 22 (3): 229–239. Bibcode:1989Letha..22..229S. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01332.x.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Seilacher, A. (1985). "Trilobite palaeobiology and substrate relationships". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 76 (2–3): 231–237. Bibcode:1985EESTR..76..231S. doi:10.1017/S0263593300010464.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gage, Nicola (14 February 2017). "Reg Sprigg honoured with South Australia's first fossil emblem, the Spriggina". Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gailberger, Jade (14 February 2017). "Spriggina chosen as South Australia's fossil emblem". Retrieved 4 December 2024.

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