Spring horizon
A spring horizon or spring line is an impervious layer of rock reaching the surface, along which springs emerge. Since aquifers and impervious strata often lie on top of one another in horizontal layers, adjacent contact springs often emerge at the same height along a line called the spring horizon.[1]
Held between an in impervious shale and fed by water logged rock, like limestone, spring horizons create a well of water. Water breaks through and percolates into the water logged rock in channels called joints. Other rocks able to fill a spring line include gypsum/salt, peat/coal, and basalt.[2]
Being more soluble than limestone, gypsum and salt allow for faster percolation into the spring horizon and water table. Coal and peat sit under the water table. While not all basalt contains water, it has the ability to take in large amounts of surface water.[2]
Organisms
Spring horizons feed water to near by vegetation.[3]
Stygobionts, specifically amphibians, can be found in and around spring horizons. The amount of fauna can change the composition of the horizon, while horizon factors can also effect the amphibian's development. Rairly, breeding amphibians lay eggs in springs fed by the spring horizons, similar to vernal pools.[4]
Conditions
Spring horizon temperatures stay consistent close to all year round, because of being fed with a constant flow of water.[3]
When stored in limestone, spring horizons can produce tufa deposits in discharge areas.[5]
Digging effects
Spring lines are able to be moved or shifted with deep soil mixing, a construction tactic used to reinforce loose soils. They tend to move North or away from construction.[6]
References
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- ^ Leser, Hartmut et al. Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie, dtv, 14th ed., Mar 2010. Template:ISBN.[page needed]
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tolstead, W. L. (1942). "A Note on Unusual Plants in the Flora of Northwestern Nebraska". The American Midland Naturalist. 28 (2): 475–481. doi:10.2307/2420830. JSTOR 2420830.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Meinzer, Oscar Edward (1923). The occurrence of ground water in the United States, with a discussion of principles (Report). doi:10.3133/wsp489. hdl:2027/uc1.$b524287.[page needed]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brognoli, Damiano; Lo Parrino, Elia; Terraneo, Giorgia; Grassi, Giorgio; Zampieri, Veronica; Galbiati, Matteo; Balestra, Valentina; Messina, Valeria; Barzaghi, Benedetta; Lapadula, Stefano; Manenti, Raoul (7 November 2025). "Importance of Spring Habitats for Amphibians: The Case of Estavelle Ecotones in the Classical Karst Region". Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI. 15 (22): 3228. doi:10.3390/ani15223228. PMC 12649226. PMID 41301937.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kuniansky, Eve L.; Spangler, Lawrence E., eds. (2017). U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017. Scientific Investigations Report. doi:10.3133/sir20175023.[page needed]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pan, Huangsong; Tong, Liyuan; Wang, Zhansheng; Yang, Tao (August 2022). "Effects of deep soil mixing on existing shield tunnels in soft soil ground". Underground Space. 7 (4): 724–733. Bibcode:2022UndSp...7..724P. doi:10.1016/j.undsp.2021.12.004.
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