Superatom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description

In chemistry, a superatom is any cluster of atoms that seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms.[1] One example of a superatom is the cluster Al
13−
.[2]

Sodium atoms, when cooled from vapor, naturally condense into clusters, preferentially containing a magic number of atoms (2, 8, 20, 40, 58, etc.), with the outermost electron of each atom entering an orbital encompassing all the atoms in the cluster. Superatoms tend to behave chemically in a way that will allow them to have a closed shell of electrons, in this new counting scheme.[citation needed]

Superhalogens

Superhalogens are atom clusters with a higher electron affinity than chlorine, the atom with the highest electron affinity (3.62 eV). The concept was first formalized by Gennady L. Gutsev [wd] and Alexander I. Boldyrev in 1981.[3][4] They were first clearly experimentally identified in 1999, precipitating a wave of subsequent research in the field.[5]

Superalkalis

Superalkalis are atom clusters with a lower ionization energy than caesium, the atom with the lowest ionization energy (3.89 eV). The concept was first formalized by Gutsev and Boldryev in 1982.[6][7]

Aluminium clusters

Certain aluminium clusters have superatom properties. These aluminium clusters are generated as anions (Al−
n with n = 1, 2, 3, … ) in helium gas and reacted with a gas containing iodine. When analyzed by mass spectrometry one main reaction product turns out to be Al
13I−
.[8] These clusters of 13 aluminium atoms with an extra electron added do not appear to react with oxygen when it is introduced in the same gas stream, indicating a halide-like character and a magic number of 40 free electrons. Such a cluster is known as a superhalogen.[9][10][11][12] The cluster component in Al
13I−
 ion is similar to an iodide ion or better still a bromide ion. The related Al
13I−
2 cluster is expected to behave chemically like the triiodide ion.[8]

Similarly it has been noted that Al
14 clusters with 42 electrons (2 more than the magic numbers) appear to exhibit the properties of an alkaline earth metal which typically adopt +2 valence states. This is only known to occur when there are at least 3 iodine atoms attached to an Al−
14 cluster, Al
14I−
3. The anionic cluster has a total of 43 itinerant electrons, but the three iodine atoms each remove one of the itinerant electrons to leave 40 electrons in the jellium shell.[13][14]

It is particularly easy and reliable to study atomic clusters of inert gas atoms by computer simulation because interaction between two atoms can be approximated very well by the Lennard-Jones potential. Other methods are readily available and it has been established that the magic numbers are 13, 19, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 43, 46, 49, 55, etc.[15]

Other clusters

Superatom complexes

Superatom complexes are a special group of superatoms that incorporate a metal core which is stabilized by organic ligands. In thiolate-protected gold cluster complexes, a simple electron counting rule can be used to determine the total number of electrons (ne) which correspond to a magic number:

ne=NνA−M−z

where N is the number of metal atoms (A) in the core, v is the atomic valence, M is the number of electron withdrawing ligands, and z is the overall charge on the complex.[24] For example the Au102(p-MBA)44 has 58 electrons and corresponds to a closed shell magic number.[25]

Gold superatom complexes

Other superatom complexes

See also

Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 404: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ariyarathna, Isuru R. (21 December 2021). "Superatomic Chelates: The Cases of Metal Aza-Crown Ethers and Cryptands". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (1): 579–585. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03261. PMID 34932345.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Developing Superatom Science". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sobczyk, Monika; Sawicka, Agnieszka; Skurski, Piotr [in polski] (October 2003). "Theoretical Search for Anions Possessing Large Electron Binding Energies". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2003 (20): 3790–3797. doi:10.1002/ejic.200300180.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gutsev, G.L. [at Wikidata]; Boldyrev, A.I. (April 1981). "DVM-Xα calculations on the ionization potentials of MXk+1− complex anions and the electron affinities of MXk+1 "superhalogens"". Chemical Physics. 56 (3): 277–283. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(81)80150-4.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Srivastava, Ambrish Kumar (2023). "Preface". Superhalogens: Properties and Applications (1st ed.). Cham: Springer. p. vii. ISBN 978-3-031-37571-2.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sun, Wei‐Ming; Wu, Di (22 July 2019). "Recent Progress on the Design, Characterization, and Application of Superalkalis". Chemistry – A European Journal. 25 (41): 9568–9579. doi:10.1002/chem.201901460.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gutsev, G.L. [at Wikidata]; Boldyrev, A.I. (October 1982). "DVM Xα calculations on the electronic structure of "superalkali" cations". Chemical Physics Letters. 92 (3): 262–266. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(82)80272-8.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bergeron, D. E. (2 April 2004). "Formation of Al
    13    I−
    : Evidence for the Superhalogen Character of Al13". Science. 304 (5667). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 84–87. doi:10.1126/science.1093902. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15066775. S2CID 26728239.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reddy, G. Naaresh; Parida, Rakesh; Giri, Santanab (2017-12-12). "Functionalized deltahedral Zintl complexes Ge9R3 (R = CF3, CN, and NO2): a new class of superhalogens". Chemical Communications. 53 (99): 13229–13232. doi:10.1039/C7CC08120K. ISSN 1364-548X. PMID 29182179.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Giri, Santanab; Child, Brandon Z.; Jena, Puru (2014). "Organic Superhalogens". ChemPhysChem. 15 (14): 2903–2908. doi:10.1002/cphc.201402472. ISSN 1439-7641. PMID 25056518.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reddy, Gorre Naaresh; Giri, Santanab (2016-05-10). "Super/hyperhalogen aromatic heterocyclic compounds". RSC Advances. 6 (52): 47145–47150. Bibcode:2016RSCAd...647145R. doi:10.1039/C6RA08625J. ISSN 2046-2069.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sinha, Swapan; Jena, Puru; Giri, Santanab (2022-08-12). "Functionalized nona-silicide [Si9R3] Zintl clusters: a new class of superhalogens". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 24 (35): 21105–21111. Bibcode:2022PCCP...2421105S. doi:10.1039/D2CP02619H. ISSN 1463-9084. OSTI 1978872. PMID 36018293. S2CID 251551751.
  13. ^ Philip Ball, "A New Kind of Alchemy", New Scientist Issue dated 2005-04-16.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bergeron, D. E. (14 January 2005). "Al Cluster Superatoms as Halogens in Polyhalides and as Alkaline Earths in Iodide Salts". Science. 307 (5707). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 231–235. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..231B. doi:10.1126/science.1105820. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15653497. S2CID 8003390.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harris, I. A.; Kidwell, R. S.; Northby, J. A. (17 December 1984). "Structure of Charged Argon Clusters Formed in a Free Jet Expansion". Physical Review Letters. 53 (25). American Physical Society (APS): 2390–2393. Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.2390H. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.53.2390. ISSN 0031-9007. S2CID 13793440.
  16. ^ a b Naiche Owen Jones, 2006.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Das, Ujjal; Raghavachari, Krishnan (2008). "Al5O4 Superatom with Potential for New Materials Design". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 4 (12): 2011–2019. doi:10.1021/ct800232b. PMID 26620474.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sun, Xiao-Ying; Li, Zhi-Ru; Wu, Di; Sun, Chia-Chung (2007). "Extraordinary superatom containing double shell nucleus: Li(HF)3Li connected mainly by intermolecular interactions". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 107 (5). Wiley: 1215–1222. Bibcode:2007IJQC..107.1215S. doi:10.1002/qua.21246. ISSN 0020-7608.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ariyarathna, Isuru R.; Pawłowski, Filip; Ortiz, Joseph Vincent; Miliordos, Evangelos (2018). "Molecules mimicking atoms: monomers and dimers of alkali metal solvated electron precursors". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 20 (37): 24186–24191. Bibcode:2018PCCP...2024186A. doi:10.1039/C8CP05497E. ISSN 1463-9076. PMID 30209476.
  20. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ariyarathna, Isuru (2021-03-01). First Principle Studies on Ground and Excited Electronic States: Chemical Bonding in Main-Group Molecules, Molecular Systems with Diffuse Electrons, and Water Activation using Transition Metal Monoxides (PhD thesis).
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ariyarathna, Isuru R.; Khan, Shahriar N.; Pawłowski, Filip; Ortiz, Joseph Vincent; Miliordos, Evangelos (2018-01-04). "Aufbau Rules for Solvated Electron Precursors: Be(NH3)42+ Complexes and Beyond". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 9 (1): 84–88. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03000. ISSN 1948-7185. PMID 29232138.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Koyasu, Kiichirou; Atobe, Junko; Akutsu, Minoru; Mitsui, Masaaki; Nakajima, Atsushi (2007). "Electronic and Geometric Stabilities of Clusters with Transition Metal Encapsulated by Silicon". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 111 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 42–49. Bibcode:2007JPCA..111...42K. doi:10.1021/jp066757f. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 17201386.
  23. ^ Platinum nanoclusters go magnetic Script error: No such module "webarchive"., nanotechweb.org, 2007
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Walter, M.; Akola, J.; Lopez-Acevedo, O.; Jadzinsky, P. D.; Calero, G.; Ackerson, C. J.; Whetten, R. L.; Gronbeck, H.; Hakkinen, H. (1 June 2008). "A unified view of ligand-protected gold clusters as superatom complexes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (27): 9157–9162. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.9157W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801001105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2442568. PMID 18599443.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jadzinsky, P. D.; Calero, G.; Ackerson, C. J.; Bushnell, D. A.; Kornberg, R. D. (19 October 2007). "Structure of a Thiol Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticle at 1.1 Å Resolution". Science. 318 (5849). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 430–433. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..430J. doi:10.1126/science.1148624. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17947577. S2CID 1566019.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Akola, Jaakko; Walter, Michael; Whetten, Robert L.; Häkkinen, Hannu; Grönbeck, Henrik (2008). "On the Structure of Thiolate-Protected Au25". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (12): 3756–3757. Bibcode:2008JAChS.130.3756A. doi:10.1021/ja800594p. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 18321117.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Levi-Kalisman, Yael; Jadzinsky, Pablo D.; Kalisman, Nir; Tsunoyama, Hironori; Tsukuda, Tatsuya; Bushnell, David A.; Kornberg, Roger D. (9 March 2011). "Synthesis and Characterization of Au102(p-MBA)44 Nanoparticles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (9): 2976–2982. Bibcode:2011JAChS.133.2976L. doi:10.1021/ja109131w. PMID 21319754.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lopez-Acevedo, Olga; Akola, Jaakko; Whetten, Robert L.; Grönbeck, Henrik; Häkkinen, Hannu (16 January 2009). "Structure and Bonding in the Ubiquitous Icosahedral Metallic Gold Cluster Au144(SR)60". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 113 (13). American Chemical Society: 5035–5038. doi:10.1021/jp8115098. ISSN 1932-7447.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hartig, Jens; Stößer, Anna; Hauser, Petra; Schnöckel, Hansgeorg (26 February 2007). "A Metalloid Ga23{N(SiMe3)2}11 Cluster: The Jellium Model Put to Test". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 46 (10). Wiley: 1658–1662. doi:10.1002/anie.200604311. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 17230594.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clayborne, Peneé A.; Lopez-Acevedo, Olga; Whetten, Robert L.; Grönbeck, Henrik; Häkkinen, Hannu (13 May 2011). "The Al50Cp*12 Cluster – A 138-Electron Closed Shell (L = 6) Superatom". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2011 (17). Wiley: 2649–2652. Bibcode:2011EJIC.2011.2649C. doi:10.1002/ejic.201100374. ISSN 1434-1948.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zyga, Lisa. "Researchers create first superatomic 2-D semiconductor". Phys.org. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reddy, G. Naaresh; Jena, Puru; Giri, Santanab (2017-10-16). "Organo−Zintl-based superatoms: [Ge9(CHO)3] and [Ge9(CHO)]". Chemical Physics Letters. 686: 195–202. Bibcode:2017CPL...686..195R. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2017.08.056. ISSN 0009-2614.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weßing, Jana; Ganesamoorthy, Chelladurai; Kahlal, Samia; Marchal, Rémi; Gemel, Christian; Cador, Olivier; Da Silva, Augusto C. H.; Da Silva, Juarez L. F.; Saillard, Jean-Yves; Fischer, Roland A. (2018). "The Mackay-Type Cluster [Cu43 Al12 ](Cp*)12 : Open-Shell 67-Electron Superatom with Emerging Metal-Like Electronic Structure" (PDF). Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 57 (44): 14630–14634. doi:10.1002/anie.201806039. PMID 29981271. S2CID 49714793.
  • "Designer Magnetic Superatoms", J.U. Reveles, et al. 2009 Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  • "A unified view of ligand-protected gold clusters as superatom complexes", M. Walter et al. 2008 Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  • "Gold Superatom Complexes", P.D. Jadzinsky et al. 2007 Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  • "Multiple Valence Superatoms", J.U. Reveles, S.N. Khanna, P.J. Roach, and A.W. Castleman Jr., 2006 Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Superatom&oldid=956021"