Swatow dialect
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| Swatow dialect | |
|---|---|
| Shantou | |
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| Native to | China |
| Region | Mainly in Shantou, southeastern Guangdong province. |
Early forms | |
| Peng'im | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | shan1244 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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The Swatow dialect, also known as the Shantou dialect, is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is typically classified in the Teochew group of dialects,[3] and is regarded as the representative dialect of Teochew Min.[4]
History
Although numerous Romanized materials labeled as "Swatow dialect" were produced from the nineteenth to the early twentieth century, their phonological systems actually reflected the dialect of the prefectural city of Chaochowfoo.[5] The modern Swatow dialect did not take shape until the 1940s. As a modern emerging city, Swatow's residents were mainly immigrants from various parts of the Chaoshan region and their descendants. Between the establishment of Swatow as a city in 1921 and 1934, a large influx of immigrants increased the population from 60,000 to 193,000, with an average annual growth of 10,000. Thereafter, population growth slowed, and the various dialects began to merge, gradually developing into a stable phonological system. By around 1946, the present-day phonological system of the Swatow dialect had already taken shape and come to be regarded as the norm.[6]
Phonology
Swatow dialect has 18 initials, 91 rimes, and 8 tones.[7]
Initials
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||
| Nasal | /m/ 毛 |
/n/ 腦 |
/ŋ/ 俄 |
|||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
tenuis | /p/ 波 |
/t/ 刀 |
/ts/ 之 |
/k/ 哥 |
/ʔ/ 烏 |
| aspirated | Script error: No such module "IPA". 抱 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 天 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 此 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 戈 |
||
| voiced | /b/ 無 |
/g/ 鵝 |
||||
| Continuant | voiceless | /s/ 思 |
||||
| voiced | /l/ 羅 |
/z/ 入 |
/h/ 何 | |||
Rimes
Swatow dialect has at least the following rimes:
| Nucleus | -a- | -ɛ̝- | -o̞- | -ɯ- | -i- | -u- | -ai- | -au- | -oi- | -ou- | -ui- | -iu- | ∅- | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medial | ∅- | i- | u- | ∅- | u- | ∅- | i- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | u- | ∅- | i- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | ||
| Coda | -∅ | Script error: No such module "IPA". 亞 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 呀 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 娃 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 啞 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 鍋 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 窩 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 腰 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 余 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 衣 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 污 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 哀 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 歪 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 歐 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 夭 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 鞋 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 烏 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 威 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 憂 |
|
| -◌̃ | Script error: No such module "IPA". 噯 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 營 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 鞍 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 楹 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 橫 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 羊 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 秧 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 丸 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 愛 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 檨 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 閑 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 幼 | ||||||||
| -ʔ | Script error: No such module "IPA". 鴨 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 益 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 呴 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 厄 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 襪 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 學 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 約 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 裂 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 呴 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 狹 |
||||||||||
| -m | Script error: No such module "IPA". 庵 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 淹 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 犯 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 音 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 唔 | |||||||||||||||
| -ŋ | Script error: No such module "IPA". 按 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 央 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 汪 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 英 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 翁 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 雍 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 恩 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 因 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 溫 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 䘼 | ||||||||||
| -p | Script error: No such module "IPA". 盒 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 壓 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 法 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 邑 |
||||||||||||||||
| -k | Script error: No such module "IPA". 惡 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 躍 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 獲 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 液 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 屋 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 育 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 乙 |
Script error: No such module "IPA". 熨 | ||||||||||||
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 |
dark rising 陰上 |
dark departing 陰去 |
dark entering 陰入 |
light level 陽平 |
light rising 陽上 |
light departing 陽去 |
light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | Script error: No such module "IPA". (33) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (53) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (213) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (2) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (55) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (35) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (31) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (5) |
| Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 |
Tone sandhi
Swatow dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
|---|---|
| dark level 33 |
33 |
| light level 55 |
31(22)[i] |
| dark rising 53 |
24 |
| light rising 35 |
31 |
| dark departing 213 |
55 |
| light departing 31 |
31 |
| dark entering 2 |
5 |
| light entering 5 |
2 |
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- ^ In the newer variety, the light level tone has the same sandhi as the light rising and departing tone. In the older variety, however, its sandhi is 22.
Notes
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Li, Xinkui (1994). guang dong de fang yan: 岭南文库. 广州: 广东人民出版社. pp. 266–267. ISBN 9787218009605.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xu, Yuhang (July 2013). "The Phonological System of the Chaozhou Dialect in the Nineteenth Century". Journal of Chinese Studies. 57: 223–244.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shi, Qisheng (1988). "从口音的年龄差异看汕头音系及其形成". 中山大学学报. 3: 102–107.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shi, Qisheng (1997). Shantouhua Yindang. 上海: 上海教育出版社. ISBN 7532053075.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Office of Chorography of Shantou City 汕头市地方志办公室 (1999). Shan tou shi zhi 汕头市志 ["Chorography of Shantou City"]. Vol. 72. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe 新华出版社 ["Xinhua Publishing House"]. ISBN 9787501143870.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fielde, Adele M. (1883). A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fielde, Adele M. (1878). First Lessons in the Swatow Dialect. Swatow: Swatow Printing Office Company. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lechler, Rudolf, Samuel Wells Williams, William Duffus (1883). English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow. Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hsiung-chʻêng, Lin (1886). A handbook of the Swatow vernacular. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
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