Tabarka

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Tabarka
طبرقة
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CountryFile:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia
GovernorateJendouba Governorate
Elevation
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Population
 (2022)
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Population
 (2022)
 • Total
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Time zoneUTC1 (CET)
Postal Code
8110
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Tabarka (Template:Langx Audio file "Tbar9a.wav" not found) is a coastal town located in north-western Tunisia, close to the border with Algeria. Tabarka was occupied at various times by Punics, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Genoese and Ottomans. The town is dominated by an offshore rock on which there remains a Genoese castle. Nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba, later president of post-independence Tunisia, was exiled on Tabarka by the French colonial authorities in 1952.[1] Tourist attractions include coral fishing, the Coralis Festival of underwater photography,[2] and its annual jazz festival.[3]

Name

Tabarka was known to the Carthaginians as Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.tbrkʿn (Template:Langx).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. This was transcribed into Greek as Thaúbraka (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and into Latin as Thabraca.[4][5] In modern day Berber it is known as Tabarka or Tbarga, while its Arabic name is Ṭbarqa (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

History

File:Tarbarka 17th century.jpg
Tarbarka island, 17th century. Note the Genoese flag on the castle.

Although older sources placed Thabraca within the Roman province of Numidia, recent ones agree on placing it in the Roman province of Africa, known also as Africa Proconsularis.[6][7][8][9] It was a Roman colony.[10] It was connected by a road with Simitthu, which it served as a port for the export of its famous marble.[10] The rebellious Roman official Gildo, the brother of Firmus, committed suicide in Thabraca.[10] Under the Vandal king Gaiseric, the town had a monastery for men and a convent for women.[10]

File:Tabarka plan 1770.jpg
Fort diagram
File:Tabarka nature.jpg

From 1540 to 1742, the Genoese maintained a garrison on the adjacent island, also called Tabarka, which lies about 365 yards (334 m) off the town. In 1540 the island was given by the Ottoman Bey of Tunis as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family.[11] The Genoese were in the service of Spain during 1553 at the request of Emperor Charles V who was interested in coral fishing. The Lomellini were part of the circle of Andrea Doria, Doge of Genoa, and were related to the Grimaldi family. The grant was possibly due to a secret ransom for the release of the pirate Turkish Dragut, captured in Girolata in 1540 by Giannettino Doria, nephew of Andrea Doria. The Lomellini colonized Tabarca with a group of inhabitants of Pegli,[12] near Genoa, where they had various properties and a huge palace. The community of Pegliesi lived in Tabarka for several centuries.

In 1738 due to the exhaustion of the coral reefs and the deterioration of relations with the Arab population a large group of "Tabarkini" moved to San Pietro Island off Sardinia, then uninhabited, where they founded a new town of Carloforte. The transfer was made possible thanks to the King of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia who wanted to colonize those of his lands which were not yet inhabited. The name of Carloforte was chosen in honor of the sovereign. Another group of Tabarkini was resettled in the town of Calasetta on the adjacent Island of Sant'Antioco, whose population still speaks a variant of Genoese dialect originating from Tabarka.[13] Others were moved to the Spanish island of New Tabarca.[14] In 1741[citation needed] or 1742,[10] the Genoese fortress surrendered to the (nominally Ottoman but essentially autonomous) Bey of Tunis. At Tabarka, the ruins consists of a pit once used as a church and some fragments of walls which belonged to Christian buildings. There were also two Ottoman Turkish fortresses, one of which has been repaired. A French expedition was dispatched to capture Tabarka but failed.

File:Tabarka, décembre 2014 (14).jpg
Close view

Under French colonial rule it was annexed to the civil district of Souk el-Arba, now in the Tunisian governorate of Jendouba, and a rather important fishing centre. Tabarka Jazz Festival was established in 1973.

Ecclesiastical history

File:Fort de l'île de Tabarka 4.JPG
Tabarka Fort

Thabraca became a Christian bishopric that is no longer a residential see but is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.[9]

File:Tabarka, décembre 2014 (28).jpg
View of Tabarka's fort
File:Tabarka Snow Forest Road.jpg
Snow in Tabarka's forest
File:Tabarka Forest Under Snow.jpg
Tabarka snowfall in a forest

was also the seat of an ancient Bishopric and in antiquity it had a monastery for men and one for women,[10] and several church Buildings and Christian cemeteries have been uncovered.[15] The city contains several Christian cemeteries, many of the tombs covered with curious mosaics. An inscription (C.I.L., VIII, 173-82) mentions the cult of the martyr Anastasia and her companions.

Bishops

The bishops of Thabraca, who met with the other bishops of Proconsular Africa, included:

  • Victoricus, at the Council of Carthage (256)[16]
  • Rusticianus, at the conference of Carthage in 411, where his competitor was the Donatist Charentius; he also signed in 416 the letter from the council of Proconsular Africa to Pope Innocent I;
  • Clarissimus, who in 646 signed the letter from the same Council to Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople against the Monothelites.

The Bishopric was founded during the Roman Empire and survived through the arian Vandal and Orthodox Byzantine empires, only ceasing to function with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. The diocese was re-founded in name at least in the 20th century as a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.[17][18]

Titular bishops

Weather

Climate

The weather in Tabarka is usually variable from year to year. Summers are mostly hot and dry, but milder than the Saharan hinterland. It barely rains in July and August. The average temperatures for this season is 28.2 °C (82.8 °F). Winters are mostly rainy and mild. The average temperature for this season is 12.0 °C (53.6 °F).

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Tabarka mean sea temperature[25]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
16 °C (61 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 17 °C (63 °F)

Transport

The airport in Tabarka was named Airport 7 Novembre until the Tunisian revolution; it was then renamed Tabarka-Ain Draham International Airport.

See also

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References

Citations

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  1. ^ Derek Hopwood & Sue Mi Terry, Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia:The Tragedy of Longevity, Springer 2016 p.72
  2. ^ Elżbieta Lisowscy, DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Tunisia, Dorling Kindersley 2011 p.41
  3. ^ Donna Wheeler, Paul Clammer & Emilie Filou, Tunisia: Lonely Planet, 2010 p.284
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary". Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chapot, V. (1928). The Roman World. Knopf. p. 385. ISBN 9780819603678. Retrieved 28 March 2016. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 33. ISBN 9780199545568. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Conant, J. (2012). Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521196970. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Saint Augustine; Rotelle, J.E.; Teske, R.J. (2001). Letters 1-99. New City Press. p. 264. ISBN 9781565481633. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, Template:ISBN), p. 979
  10. ^ a b c d e f Thabraca at Catholic Encyclopedia.org
  11. ^ Thomas Allison Kirk, Genoa and the Sea, JHU Press, 2013
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."L'Isola di Tabarka e le tracce dei genovesi". www.lastampa.it. May 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Calasetta". Sardegna Turismo. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Varela, Santiago (1983). "Nueva Tabarca / Nova Tabarca: 1. Generalidades / 1. Generalitats". Alicante / Alacant, Tabarca: Rutas de aproximación al patrimonio cultural valenciano / Rutes d'aproximació al patrimoni cultural valencià (in español and català). Juan Calduch; Joaquín Lara (graphic dessing). Servicio de patrimonio arquitectónico: Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia: Generalidad Valenciana.
  15. ^ Thabraca at New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia.
  16. ^ A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Anterior to the Division of the East and West, Volume 17 (J.H. Parker, 1844) p294.
  17. ^ Titular Episcopal See of Thabraca at GCatholic.org.
  18. ^ a b Thabraca at catholic-hierarchy.org.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010" (in français). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Données normales climatiques 1961-1990" (in français). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie" (in français). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie" (in français). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie" (in français). Ministère du Transport. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  25. ^ Weather2Travel - Tabarka. Retrieved 2 July 2020.

Notes

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  1. ^ The Station ID for Tabarka is 22525211.[24]

Bibliography

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