Tai Le script
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| Tai Le Dehong Dai | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 1200 CE – present |
| Direction | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:GetParameters' not found. |
| Languages | Tai Nüa, Ta'ang, Blang, Achang |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
|
Sister systems | Ahom, Khamti |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.Tale Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.(353), Tai Le |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Tai Le |
| U+1950–U+197F | |
Template:Contains special characters Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. The Tai Le script (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ, Script error: No such module "IPA".), or Dehong Dai script, is a Brahmic script used to write the Tai Nüa language spoken by the Tai Nua people of south-central Yunnan, China. (The language is also known as Nɯa, Dehong Dai and Chinese Shan.) It is written in horizontal lines from left to right, with spaces only between clauses and sentences.
The Tai Le script is approximately 700–800 years old and has used several different orthographic conventions.[1]
Traditional script
The traditional Tai Le script is a Brahmic script that is found in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan, China.[2]
The script is known by a variety of names. It is known as Lik Tho Ngok (Template:Langx, "bean sprout script") by the Tai Nua,[3] the Old Tay or Old Dai script,[2] Lik Tay La/Na (Template:Langx, "Northern Tay script") and Lik To Yao (Template:Langx, "long script").Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
History
The Lik Tho Ngok script used by the Tai Nuea people is one of a number of "Lik Tai" scripts or "Lik" scripts used by various Tai peoples in northeastern India, northern Myanmar, southwestern Yunnan, and northwestern Laos. Evidence suggests that the Lik scripts have a common origin from an Old Burmese prototype before the fifteenth century, most probably in the polity of Mong Mao.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The Lik Tai script featured on a 1407 Ming dynasty scroll exhibits many features of the Burmese script, including fourteen of the nineteen consonants, three medial diacritics and the high tone marker. According to the scholar Daniels, this shows that the Tai borrowed from the Burmese script to create their own script; the Lik Tai script was derived from the Burmese script, as it could only have been created by someone proficient in Burmese. Daniels also argues that, unlike previously thought, the Lik Tho Ngok script is not the origin of the other Lik Tai scripts, as the 1407 Lik Tai script shows greater similarity to the Ahom script, which has been attested earlier than the Lik Tho Ngok script.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Other "Lik" scripts are used for the Khamti, Phake, Aiton and Ahom languages, as well as for other Tai languages across Northern Myanmar and Assam, in Northeast India. The Lik scripts have a limited inventory of 16 to 18 consonant symbols compared to the Tai Tham script, which possibly indicates that the scripts were not developed for writing Pali.[4]
It is unknown when, where and how the Lik Tho Ngok script first emerged,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and it has only been attested after the 18th century.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Broadly speaking, only Lik Tho Ngok and Lik To Mon ('round' or 'circular' script), used in Shan State, are still in use today.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Government-led reforms of the main Tai Nuea traditional scripts began in Dehong the 1950s. Between 1952 and 1988 the Dehong script went through four reforms, initially adding a consonant, vowel symbols and tone markers, then in 1956 changing many graphemes and tone markers. A third reform was proposed in 1964, again adding and changing graphemes and making further changes to tone markers, and a fourth reform took place in 1988.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Characteristics
In common with other Lik orthographies, Lik Tho Ngok is an alphasyllabary, but not fully an abugida, since occurrence of an inherent vowel is restricted to medial position, where it may take either /-a-/ or /-aa-/.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
In Mueng Sing today, the smaller glyphs are not used and two main styles of Lik Tho Ngok are recognised by local scribes: To Lem (Template:Langx ‘edged letters,’) which have straighter edges and more pointed angles, and To Mon (Template:Langx ‘rounded letters’) without sharp angles. There are 21 initial consonant graphemes in the Lik Tho Ngok script used in Mueang Sing, representing 15 phonemes in the spoken dialect plus two rarer phonemes (/d/ and /b/).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Variants and usage
The script used by the Tai Dehong and Tai Mao has consonant and vowel glyphs similar to the reformed Tai Le script, while the script used by the Tai Nuea differs somewhat from the other scripts.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. However, the scripts used by the Tai Nuea, Tai Dehong and Tai Mao are all considered Lik Tho Ngok.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
In Muang Sing, Laos, the Lik Tho Ngok script is used for secular purposes, while the Tham script is used for Buddhist manuscripts. In Yunnan, China, Lik Tho Ngok is still used in the Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County, the Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County, and the Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County. Lik Tho Ngok and the reformed Tai Le script are used in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Lik To Mon and the reformed Shan script (in areas near the Myanmar border).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Tai Nuea areas that use the reformed Tai Le script have seen a decline in the knowledge and use of the traditional script, but recently there has been renewed interest in the traditional script and manuscript tradition.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
The manuscript culture of the Tai Nuea people is maintained by small numbers of specialised scribes who are literate in the Lik Tho Ngok script, used for secular purposes and only in manuscripts. The script is not taught in temples, in favor of the Tai Tham script.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The local government’s "Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center" is working to obtain and protect manuscripts written in the Dai traditional scripts, as of 2013.[3]
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Buddhist texts written in Tai Le script.
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Dai scripture on mulberry-bark paper. Yunnan Nationalities Museum, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Dai scripture in Dai Le script
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Dai people's medical book
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De'ang scripture, written in the Dai script
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De'ang scripture, written in the Dai script
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Dai Buddhist text
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Dai fortune-telling manuscript
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Buddhist scriptures in Dehong Dai script
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Gengma Buddhist Temple Great Buddha Hall Reconstruction Monument stone inscription in Dehong Dai script
Reformed script
Between 1952 and 1988, the script went through four reforms.[5] The third reform (1963/1964) used diacritics to represent tones, while the fourth reform (1988–present) uses standalone tone letters.[1][5]
Today the reformed Tai Le script, which removes ambiguity in reading and adds tone markers, is widely used by the Tai Dehong and Tai Mao in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, but not in Tai Nuea communities in the Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County, the Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County, and the Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County, where only the traditional scripts are used. Because of differing letters and orthographic rules, the traditional Tai Nuea and reformed Tai Le scripts are mutually unintelligible without considerable effort.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Letters
In modern Tai Le orthographies, initial consonants precede vowels, vowels precede final consonants and tone marks, if present, follow the entire syllable.[1] Consonants have an inherent vowel /a/, unless followed by a dependent vowel sign. When vowels occur initially in a word or syllable, they are preceded by the vowel carrier ᥟ.
| Tone letters (current usage) | |||||
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Tone diacritics (1963 orthography) | |||||
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Note that old orthography tone diacritics combine with short letters (as in Script error: No such module "IPA". ᥐ̈) but appear to the right of tall letters (as in Script error: No such module "IPA". ᥐᥤ̈).[1]
Numerals
There are differences between the numerals employed by the Tai Le script in China and Myanmar. The Chinese Tai Le numerals are similar to Chinese Shan and Burmese numerals. Burmese Tai Le numerals are similar to Burmese Shan numerals.
| Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tham Hora | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪀ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪁ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪂ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪃ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪄ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪅ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪆ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪇ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪈ | Page Template:Script/styles tai tham.css has no content.᪉ |
| Chinese Shan | ᧐ | ᧑ | ᥨ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ᧖ | ၇ | ᧘ | ᧙ |
| Chinese Tai Le | ᧐ | ᧑ | ᥨ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ᧖ | ၇ | ᧘ | ᧙ |
| Burmese | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ |
| Burmese Shan | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ |
| Burmese Tai Le | ႐ | ႑ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ |
Unicode
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The Tai Le script was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2003 with the release of version 4.0.
The Unicode block for Tai Le is U+1950–U+197F:
| Tai LePage Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+195x | ᥐ | ᥑ | ᥒ | ᥓ | ᥔ | ᥕ | ᥖ | ᥗ | ᥘ | ᥙ | ᥚ | ᥛ | ᥜ | ᥝ | ᥞ | ᥟ |
| U+196x | ᥠ | ᥡ | ᥢ | ᥣ | ᥤ | ᥥ | ᥦ | ᥧ | ᥨ | ᥩ | ᥪ | ᥫ | ᥬ | ᥭ | ||
| U+197x | ᥰ | ᥱ | ᥲ | ᥳ | ᥴ | |||||||||||
Notes
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The tone diacritics used in the old orthography (specifically the third reform) are located in the Combining Diacritical Marks Unicode block:
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- Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+0301 Template:Script/Serif Script error: No such module "Unicode data".
- Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+0307 Template:Script/Serif Script error: No such module "Unicode data".
- Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+0308 Template:Script/Serif Script error: No such module "Unicode data".
- Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+030C Template:Script/Serif Script error: No such module "Unicode data".
See also
- The New Tai Lue alphabet for the Tai Lü language, derived from the Old Tai Lue script "Dai Tam"; which is an abugida
References
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- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Everson, Michael (2001-10-05). "L2/01-369: Revised Proposal for Encoding the Tai Le Script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF) – via unicode.org.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Daniels, Christian (2005). "Surveying and Preserving Documents in Dehong, Yunnan, China" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives. The National Library of Laos. pp. 335–340.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Qu, Yongxian (2013). "Cultural Circles and Epic Transmission: The Dai People in China" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 28 (1): 103–124. hdl:10355/65287.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hundius, Harald; Wharton, David (2010). "The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts: Making the Literary Heritage of Laos Available via the Internet". Microform & Imaging Review. 39 (4): 142–144. doi:10.1515/mfir.2010.020. S2CID 161899246.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017896-8.
Sources
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wharton, David (2017). Language, Orthography and Buddhist Manuscript Culture of the Tai Nuea: An Apocryphal Jātaka Text in Mueang Sing, Laos (PhD thesis). Universität Passau. Template:URN.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Daniels, Christian (2012). "Script without Buddhism: Burmese Influence on the Tay (Shan) Script of Mäng2 Maaw2 as Seen in a Chinese Scroll Painting of 1407". International Journal of Asian Studies. 9 (2): 147–176. doi:10.1017/S1479591412000010. S2CID 143348310.
External links
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- "Request to update Code Chart and UCD for Tai Le script" at the website of Unicode
- Omniglot, Dehong Dai script
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