Tboli language

Tboli
Tagabili
Native to	Philippines
Region	Mindanao
Ethnicity	Tboli
Native speakers	(95,000 cited 2000)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine South Mindanao Tboli
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tbl
Glottolog	tbol1240
ELP	Template:Endangered Languages Project
Linguasphere	Template:Infobox language/lingualist
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Tboli (), also Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabili, is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, mainly in the province of South Cotabato but also in the neighboring provinces of Sultan Kudarat and Sarangani. According to the Philippine Census from 2000, close to 100,000 Filipinos identified T'boli or Tagabili as their native language.

Classification

Tboli is classified as a member of the South Mindanao or Bilic branch of the Philippine language families. The closest language to it is Blaan. Both are also related to Bagobo, and Tiruray.

Geographic distribution

Tboli is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

• South Cotabato Province: Mount Busa area and west
• Sarangani Province: Celebes seacoast, Katabau west to provincial border
• Sultan Kudarat Province: Kraun area and Bagumbayan municipality

Dialects are Central Tboli, Western Tboli, and Southern Tboli (Ethnologue).

Phonology

Phonemic inventory

list seven vowel phonemes, namely and 15 consonant phonemes shown in the chart below. Note that Tboli lacks as a phoneme and has instead, which is a typological rarity among Philippine languages.

		Labial	Coronal	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Stop	voiced	b	d	g
	voiceless		t	k	ʔ ⟨–⟩
Fricative		f	s		h
Approximant		w	l	j ⟨y⟩

Stress

Final stress is the norm in Tboli root words; however, the stress shifts to the previous syllable if the final vowel is a schwa.

Phonotactics

Unlike most other Philippine languages and Austronesian languages in general, Tboli permits a variety of consonant clusters at the onset of a syllable. This is evident in the name of the language, , but also in other words like 'dust', , 'one month,' 'starry,' 'temporarily,' 'before,' and others.

observe impressionistically there is a very short schwa pronounced in between the consonant cluster. However, these consonant clusters have not yet been analyzed acoustically.

Grammar

Nouns

Unlike other Philippine languages, Tboli does not make use of case-marking articles.

Plurality is marked by the article preceding the noun; 'horse' (sg.), 'horses.'

Pronouns

Tboli pronouns indicate person, number, clusivity, and grammatical role. group Tboli pronouns into two main categories based on what they term "focus," which appear to be related to the absolutive-ergative case system in other Philippine languages. There are two further subcategories for each which deal with whether the singular pronouns behave as enclitics or as independent words. Their use depends on their role and position in a sentence.

	Focused		Nonfocused
	dependent	independent	dependent	independent
1st singular
2nd singular
3rd singular	ø
1st person dual
1st inclusive
1st exclusive
2nd plural
3rd plural

Examples using the third person plural pronoun.

• . 'They eat.' (focused, dependent pronoun).
• . 'They are the ones who ate.' (focused, independent pronoun)
• . 'Their house.' (nonfocused, dependent pronoun).
• . 'May God take care of them.' (nonfocused, independent pronoun).

Syntax

Word order in Tboli is usually verb-subject-object, though there is some variation.

Verbs

Tboli, like other Philippine languages, makes a distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs are marked with the affix me- while transitive verbs are marked with ne-. Unlike Philippine languages, applicative affixes are not used in Tboli though prepositions are used instead.

Furthermore, aspect marking is not marked on the verb but with preverbal aspect markers such as (completed actions) and (incomplete action).

Morphology

Tboli makes use of prefixes and infixes. claim that suffixes do not exist in the language, though proclitic affixes may be thought of as such.

Writing system

Tboli has no official writing system, though the Latin script is usually used to write the language. The orthography is more or less similar to the one employed by Tagalog: b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, ng (for ), s, t, w, and y (for ), though other letters may be used in writing foreign words.

use a system of diacritics to accommodate the seven vowel phonemes of Tboli. The vowels are: a, i, é (for ), e (for ), ó (for ), u, and o (for ).

The glottal stop is usually not represented in writing. Though the grave accent ` is used to represent it as in 'child' and 'serving spoon.' If a vowel already has a diacritic on it, then the circumflex accent ^ is used as in and 'don't.'

Awed et al. note that sometimes that the apostrophe may be used to break up an initial consonant cluster as in the name of the language; that is, T'boli instead of simply Tboli. They note that native Tboli speakers have had "a very strong negative reaction" to this convention, preferring instead to write Tboli.

References

• Porter, Doris (1977). A Tboli Grammar. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Special Monograph 7. Manila, Philippines: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
• Forsberg, Vivian M. (1992). "A Pedagogical Grammar of Tboli". Studies in Philippine Linguistics. 9 (1): 1–110.
• Awed, Silin A.; Underwood, Lillian B.; Van Wynen, Vivian M. (2004). Tboli-English Dictionary. Manila, Philippines: SIL Philippines.

External links

• tboli.webonary.org - Online version of SIL's "Tboli - English Dictionary."