Temne language
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| Temne | |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Native to | Sierra Leone, Guinea |
| Region | Northern Sierra Leone |
| Ethnicity | Temne |
| Speakers | L1: 2.0 million (2021)Template:Ethnologue27 does not exist L2: 240,000 (1981)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | Template:ISO 639-2 |
| ISO 639-3 | tem |
| Glottolog | timn1235 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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| Temne[2] | |
|---|---|
| Person | a-temne |
| Language | ka-temne |
Temne (also Themne, Timne; Script error: No such module "IPA".[missing the tones]) is a language of the Mel branch of the Niger–Congo language family, spoken by the Temne people. Temne speakers live mostly in the Northern Province and Western Area, Sierra Leone. Temne people can be found in a number of other West African countries as well, including Guinea. Some Temnes have also migrated beyond West Africa seeking educational and professional opportunities, especially in Great Britain, and the United States.
Phonology
Temne is a tonal language. Among consonants, Temne distinguishes dental and alveolar, but, unusually, the dental consonants are apical and the alveolar consonants are laminal (and slightly affricated), the opposite of the general pattern, though one found also in the nearby language Limba.[3][4]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | gb | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Mid | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ |
| Open | a |
Tones
Temne has two tones: high and low.[5]
Writing
The alphabet of Temne includes the following characters and digraphs:[4]
| a | ʌ | b | d | e | ɛ | ə | f | gb | h | i | k | kp | l | m | n | ŋ | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | th | u | w |
| A | Ʌ | B | D | E | Ɛ | Ə | F | Gb | H | I | K | Kp | L | M | N | Ŋ | O | Ɔ | P | R | S | T | Th | U | W |
Earlier,[when?] Ȧȧ was used instead of Ʌʌ.[citation needed]
Oral literature
In 1861, C. F. Schlenker, a missionary of the Church Missionary Society, published a collection of Temne fables and proverbs in Temne with a facing-text English translation.[6] Schlenker's source was a Temne man living in Port Loko in the late 1840s; Schlenker explains that he was an old man already at that time. The book also contains some of Schlenker's translations from the Bible into Temne.[citation needed]
In 1916 Northcote Thomas published his Anthropological Report on Sierra Leone; Part 2 contains a Temne-English dictionary[7] and Part 3 contains a grammar of Temne plus 27 stories told in Temne with interlinear English translation.[8] Many of the stories are about the trickster spider, called Script error: No such module "Lang". in Temne; the trickster spider is a popular character in the Temne, Vai, Mende, and Limba storytelling traditions of Sierra Leone.[9] In addition, Thomas's Specimens of Languages from Sierra Leone[10] contains tables comparing Temne vocabulary to Kissi and other related languages.
References
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- ^ Cite error: The named reference
e27was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilson, William André Auquier (2007). Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. Schriften zur Afrikanistik. Vol. 12. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 23, 42. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sierra Leone Temne Language Manual (PDF). Peace Corps. 1987.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010). "Temne". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (2): 249. doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schlenker, Christian Friedrich (1861). A Collection of Temne Traditions, Fables and Proverbs.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, Northcote (1916). Anthropological Report on Sierra Leone, part 2: Timne-English Dictionary.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, Northcote (1916). Anthropological Report on Sierra Leone, part 3: Timne Grammar and Stories.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kilson, Marion (1984). "Spider and Royal Antelope in Sierra Leone". Anthropos. 79: 240–243.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, Northcote (1916). Specimens of languages from Sierra Leone.
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bai-Sharka, Abou (1986). Temne names and proverbs. Stories and songs from Sierra Leone. Vol. 19. Freetown: People's Educational Association of Sierra Leone. LCCN 91107781. OCLC 18356374. OL 1583057M.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kamarah, Sheikh Umarr (2007). A descriptive grammar of KʌThemnɛ (Temne). Munich: Lincom Europa.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Turay, Abdul Karim (1989). Temne stories. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783927620766.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilson, W.A.A. (1961). An outline of the Temne language. London: SOAS, University of London. OCLC 1848657.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yillah, M. Sorie (1992). Temne phonology and morphology (Thesis). New York: City University of New York.
External links
- Temne Words and Phrases
- Grammar of the Temne language, 1864 – Rev. C. F. Schlenker
- CIA Sierra Leone file
- PanAfrican L10n page on Temne
- Listening example: Kassirie Stories
- OLAC resources in and about the Timne language
- Temne story "Mr. Spider and the Rotten Skin" with English rough translation
- Glottolog page for Timne
- Peace Corps Sierra Leone Temne Language Manual
- Lets Learn Thaymneh (Temne)
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