Tench

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Temporal range: Late Oligocene–present
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Synonyms
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The tench or doctor fish (Tinca tinca) is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the order Cypriniformes found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including Britain and Ireland east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers.[3] It is also found in Lake Baikal.[4] It normally inhabits slow-moving freshwater habitats, particularly lakes and lowland rivers.[5][6]

Taxonomy

The tench was first formally described in as Cyprinus tinca by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae with its type locality given as "European lakes".[7] In 1764 François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault proposed the new monospecific genus Tinca, with Cyprinus tinca as the type species by absolute tautonymy.[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classified Tinca in the subfamily Tincinae, alongside the genus Tanichthys,[8] while other authorities classified both these genera in the subfamily Leuciscinae with other Eurasian minnows, but more recent phylogenetic studies have supported it belonging to its own family Tincidae.[9][10] The Tincidae was first proposed as a name in 1878 by David Starr Jordan.[11]

Evolution

File:Fossil - Schleie (Tinca).jpg
Fossil specimen of Tinca furcata

The Tincidae have a rather comprehensive fossil record in Europe. They first appear during the Late Oligocene with the fossil genera †Tarsichthys Troschel, 1854 and the potentially synonymous †Palaeotinca Obrhelová, 1969.[12][13]

For the extant Tinca, the fossil species †Tinca furcata Agassiz, 1832 is known from Late Miocene-aged deposits near Ohningen, and the contemporaneous †Tinca micropygoptera Agassiz, 1839 is known from near Steinheim am Albuch.[13][14][15] The extinct species †Tinca sayanica Sytchevskaya, 1989 is known from the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene of Mongolia. †Tinca pliocenica Gaudant, 1998 is known from the Pliocene of Germany.[16] From the Late Miocene onwards, Tinca remains are overall widespread in freshwater deposits of Europe and West Asia, although they are usually not assignable to species. The earliest remains of the modern Tinca tinca are from the late Pliocene of the Netherlands.[17]

Ecology

File:Tinca tinca Prague Vltava 3.jpg
On exhibition, in Prague

The tench is most often found in still waters with a clay or muddy substrate and abundant vegetation.[18] This species is rare in clear waters across stony substrate, and is absent altogether from fast-flowing streams. It tolerates water with a low oxygen concentration,[3] being found in waters where even the carp cannot survive.[18]

Tench feed mostly at night with a preference for animals, such as chironomids, on the bottom of eutrophic waters[19] and snails and pea clams in well-vegetated waters.[18][20]

Breeding takes place in shallow water usually among aquatic plants where the sticky green eggs can be deposited.[3] Spawning usually occurs in summer,[5] and as many as 300,000 eggs may be produced.[21] Growth is rapid, and fish may reach a weight of Template:Cvt within the first year.

Morphology

Tench have a stocky, carp-like shape and olive-green skin, darker above and almost golden below. The tail fin is square in shape. The other fins are distinctly rounded in shape.[18] The mouth is rather narrow and provided at each corner with a very small barbel.[22]

File:Tinca tinca 434824054.jpg
In England

Maximum size is Template:Cvt, though most specimens are much smaller.[23] A record fish caught in 2001 in England had a weight of Template:Cvt.[24] The eyes are small and red-orange in colour.[3] Females can reach weights of around Template:Cvt, although Template:Cvt is considered large. Males rarely reach over Template:Cvt.[3] Sexual dimorphism is strong, males can be recognised by having larger, more curved pelvic fins extending beyond the anus[25] and noticeable muscles around the base of these fins generally absent in females. Males also possess a very thick and flattened outer ray to the ventral fins.[22] Adult females may have a more convex ventral profile when compared with males.[23]

The tench has very small scales, which are deeply embedded in a thick skin, making it as slippery as an eel.[22] Folklore has it that this slime cured any sick fish that rubbed against it, and from this belief arose the name doctor fish.[21]

Golden tench

An artificially bred variety of tench called the golden tench is a popular ornamental fish for ponds. This form varies in colour from pale gold through to dark red, and some fish have black or red spots on the flanks and fins. Though somewhat similar to the goldfish, because these fish have such small scales, their quality is rather different.[21]

Economic significance

Tench are edible, working well in recipes that would otherwise call for carp, but are not commonly consumed.[18] They are shoaling fish that are popular quarries for coarse angling in rivers, lakes and canals.[3] Tench, particularly golden tench, are also kept as ornamental fish in ponds as they are bottom feeders that help to keep the waterways clean and healthy.[26]

Angling

Large tench may be found in gravel pits or deep, slow-moving waters with a clay or silt bottom and copious aquatic vegetation. The best methods and bait to catch tench are float fishing and ledgering with a swim feeder using maggots, sweetcorn, pellets, bread, and worms. Fish over Template:Cvt in weight are very strong fighters when caught on a rod.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  2. ^ a b Template:Cof family
  3. ^ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maxim Anikin, ed. (2020). "Baikal lake fish, fish species of lake". Baikal Royal Safari. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b B. Whitton (1982). Rivers, Lakes and Marshes p 163. Hodder & Staughton, London.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tench". BadAngling. Retrieved 2018-07-06.
  7. ^ Template:Cof genus
  8. ^ Template:BioRef
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schönhuth, Susana; Vukić, Jasna; Šanda, Radek; Yang, Lei; Mayden, Richard L. (2018-10-01). "Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Holarctic family Leuciscidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidei)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 781–799. Bibcode:2018MolPE.127..781S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.026. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29913311. S2CID 49292104.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Family TINCIDAE Jordan 1878 (Tench)". The ETYFish Project. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.BÖHME, MADELAINE (2007). "REVISION OF THE CYPRINIDS FROM THE EARLY OLIGOCENE OF THE ČESKÉ STŘEDOHOŘÍ MOUNTAINS, AND THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PROTOTHYMALLUS LAUBE, 1901 (TELEOSTEI, CYPRINIDAE, GOBIONINAE)" (PDF). Historia Naturalis. 63 (2–4): 175–194.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cavender, T. M. (1991), Winfield, Ian J.; Nelson, Joseph S. (eds.), "The fossil record of the Cyprinidae", Cyprinid Fishes: Systematics, biology and exploitation, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 34–54, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3092-9_2, ISBN 978-94-011-3092-9, retrieved 2025-04-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gaudant, Jean (2015-06-01). "Re-examination of the upper Miocene freshwater fish fauna from Höwenegg (Hegau, Germany)". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 134 (1): 117–127. Bibcode:2015SwJP..134..117G. doi:10.1007/s13358-015-0073-2. ISSN 1664-2384.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gaudant, Jean (2024), Delson, Eric; Faure, Martine; Guérin, Claude (eds.), "The Fishes from the Maar of Senèze", Senèze: Life in Central France Around Two Million Years Ago: Paleontology, Geochronology, Stratigraphy and Taphonomy, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 141–144, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64415-3_7, ISBN 978-3-031-64415-3, retrieved 2025-04-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.TRIF, Nicolae; VASILYAN, Davit; POPESCU, Aurelian (2016). "FOSSIL FISH REMAINS FROM THE ROMANIAN OF PODARI, SW OF ROMANIA. THE FIRST REPORT" (PDF). Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Ştiinţele Naturii. 32 (1).
  18. ^ a b c d e A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). Fishlore, pp 156–158. Pelican Books.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Perrow, M. R. (1996). "Factors affecting the habitat selection of tench in a shallow eutrophic lake". Journal of Fish Biology. 48 (5): 859–870. Bibcode:1996JFBio..48..859P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01481.x.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bronmark, C. (1994). "Effects of Tench and Perch on Interactions in a Freshwater, Benthic Food Chain". Ecology. 75 (6): 1818–1828. Bibcode:1994Ecol...75.1818B. doi:10.2307/1939640. JSTOR 1939640.
  21. ^ a b c d A. Lawrence Wells (date unknown). Observer Book of Freshwater Fishes, pp 101–105. Frederick Warne & Co.
  22. ^ a b c Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  23. ^ a b G. Sterba (1962). Freshwater Fishes of the World pp 249–250. Vista Books, London.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Coarse Fish Records as at July 2021" (PDF). British Record Fish Committee. Angling Trust. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ignacio Fernández; Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís; Cristina Tomás-Almenar; Ana M. Larrán; Pedro Cárdaba; Luis Miguel Laguna; María Sanz Galán; and José Antonio Mateo (Mar 2021). "Skeletal Development and Deformities in Tench (Tinca tinca): From Basic knowledge to Regular Monitoring Procedure". Animals. 11 (3). Basel: 621. doi:10.3390/ani11030621. PMC 7996733. PMID 33652872.
  26. ^ Dick Mills (2000). Understanding Coldwater Fish, p 106. Interpet Publishing. Template:ISBN

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