Three poisons

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The three poisons are represented in the center of the wheel of life as a pig, a bird, and a snake.

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The three poisons (Sanskrit: triviṣa; Tibetan: dug gsum) in the Mahayana tradition or the three unwholesome roots (Sanskrit: akuśala-mūla; Pāli: akusala-mūla) in the Theravada tradition are a Buddhist term that refers to the three root kleshas that lead to all negative states. These three states are delusion, also known as ignorance; greed or sensual attachment; and hatred or aversion.[1]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. These three poisons are considered to be three afflictions or character flaws that are innate in beings and the root of craving, and so causing suffering and rebirth.[1][2]

The three poisons are symbolically shown at the center of the Buddhist Bhavachakra artwork, with the rooster, snake, and pig, representing greed, ill-will and delusion respectively.[3][4]

Brief description

In the Buddhist teachings, the three poisons (of ignorance, attachment, and aversion) are the primary causes that keep sentient beings trapped in samsara. These three poisons are said to be the root of all of the other kleshas.[5][6] The three poisons are represented in the hub of the wheel of life as a pig, a bird, and a snake (representing ignorance, attachment, and aversion, respectively). As shown in the wheel of life (Sanskrit: bhavacakra), the three poisons lead to the creation of karma, which leads to rebirth in the six realms of samsara.[1][7][8]

Opposite wholesome qualities

The three wholesome mental factors that are identified as the opposites of the three poisons are:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[9]

The Buddhist path considers these essential for liberation.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Sanskrit/Pali/Tibetan terms and translations

The three kleshas of ignorance, attachment and aversion are referred to as the three poisons (Skt. triviṣa; Tibetan: dug gsum) in the Mahayana tradition and as the three unwholesome roots (Pāli, akusala-mūla; Skt. akuśala-mūla) in the Theravada tradition.

The Sanskrit, Pali, and Tibetan terms for each of the three poisons are as follows:

Poison Sanskrit[10]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Pali Tibetan[10][11] Alternate English translations[10] Skt./Pali/Tib. SynonymLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Delusion moha moha gti mug confusion, bewilderment, ignorance avidyā (Skt.); avijjā (Pāli); ma rigpa (Tib.)
Attachment rāga lobha 'dod chags desire, sensuality, greed n/a
Aversion dveṣa dosa zhe sdang anger, hatred, hostility n/a

In the Mahayana tradition moha is identified as a subcategory of avidya. Whereas avidya is defined as a fundamental ignorance, moha is defined as delusion, confusion and incorrect beliefs. In the Theravada tradition, moha and avidya are equivalent terms, but they are used in different contexts; moha is used when referring to mental factors, and avidya is used when referring to the twelve links.[1]

Meditation and the three poisons

Meditation is regarded in Buddhism as a primary method for developing a calm and concentrated mind to overcome the three poisons. Through meditative introspection, an individual develops self-awareness and insight into their own mind, which helps reduce internal obstacles. However, effective meditation often requires support such as "moral aptitude" and "good friends" (or teachers).[12]

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. pp. 546, 59, 68. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.David Webster (2005). The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon. Routledge. pp. 100–105, 177, 236. ISBN 978-0-415-34652-8.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.David Loy (2003). The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory. Simon and Schuster. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-86171-366-0.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Guido Freddi (2019). "Bhavacakra and Mindfulness".
  5. ^ Daniel Goleman (2003), pages 106, 111
  6. ^ Khenchen Konchog Gyaltshen (2010), p. 451.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.David Webster (2005). The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon. Routledge. pp. 100–105, 177, 236. ISBN 978-0-415-34652-8.
  8. ^ Dalai Lama (1992), p. 4, 42
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 435–436. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
  10. ^ a b c Padmakara (1998), p. 336, 414. (from the glossary)
  11. ^ Ranjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary. http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/dug_gsum
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wright, Dale Stuart (2009). The six perfections: Buddhism and the cultivation of character. New York: Oxford University press. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-0-19-538201-3.

Sources

Further reading

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