Tihamah
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Tihamah
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| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Map of the Tihamah of Hijaz and Yemen shown on the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula | |
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| Region | Arabian Peninsula |
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| Named after | Proto-Semitic term for "sea" |
| Cities | Jeddah, Yanbu, Al Qunfudhah, Jizan, Midi, Al Hudaydah, Khaukha, and Mocha |
| Population | Template:Fix comma category |
| Template:Pluralize from text | TihamiTemplate:Pluralize from text |
| Template:Pluralize from text | Template:Pluralize from text |
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Tihamah[a] is the Red Sea coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Bab el Mandeb.[1]
Etymology
Tihāmat is the Proto-Semitic language's term for 'sea'. Tiamat was the ancient Mesopotamian god of the sea and of chaos. The word appears in masculine form in the Hebrew Bible as təhōm (Genesis 1:2), meaning "primordial ocean, abyss".[2]
History
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| [icon] | This section needs expansion with: post-Muhammad era. You can help by Template:Protected page maintenance message. (May 2020) |
Era of Muhammad
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During the era of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, many military expeditions took place here including the Battle of Hamra al-Asad and caravan raids. Beginning in January 623 CE, some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the Red Sea from Mecca to the Syrian region.[3]
While at Ḥamra' al-Asad (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Muhammad made an agreement with Mabad al-Khuzaah at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to dissuade Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from fighting.[4]Template:Rp In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and exaggerated that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on Medina to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad's talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.[5][4]Template:Rp
Geography
The region is sometimes subdivided into two parts, Tihāmat Al-Ḥijaz (Script error: No such module "Lang".; northern part) and Tihāmat ʿAsīr (Script error: No such module "Lang".; southern part).[1] The Yemeni part (Template:Langx) is an extension of Tihamat ʿAsir.[6] The plain is constricted and attains its greatest widths, 60 to 80 km (37 to 50 miles), south of Medina and Mecca.[1] The cities of Yanbu, Jeddah and Al Qunfudhah are located in the Hijazi part of the Tihamah. The Asiri-Yemeni part of the Tihami plain includes the cities of Jizan and Al Hudaydah.
Climate
The temperatures in Tihamah are probably some of the hottest on earth. Tihamah in Arabic means severe heat and lack of wind.[7]
Flora
The extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah) is a hot and inhospitable area parallel to the Red Sea, and most of it, north of Zabid (Yemen), is devoid of trees. However, in a few places there is dense shrub composed almost exclusively of Vachellia flava and it may be assumed that this was originally the dominant natural vegetation of the Tihamah. Salvadora persica occurs in thickets, and there are odd trees of Balanites aegyptiaca and colonies of wild doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica), as well as planted date palms (Phoenix dactylifera).[8]
Archaeology
Over sixteen megalithic menhirs were discovered by Edward Keall, director of the Royal Ontario Museum's Canadian Archaeological Mission near the village of Al-Mutaynah (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in the Tihami area. The stones were made of granite and weighted up to 20 tonnes (20,000 kg). Three of the upright stones measured around 8 feet (2.4 m) tall with one fallen being over 20 metres (66 ft) in length. Copper tools suggested to date to the same era as the construction of the stones were dated to around 2400 to 1800 BCE. An even more archaic lithic industry was found along with pottery sherds that were dated between 1200 and 800 BCE.[9]
See also
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- Tihamah Region, a federal region in Yemen
- Kingdom of Hejaz
- Najd
References
Notes
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Citations
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- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
The Red Sea coastal plain is constricted throughout its length, attaining its greatest widths, 40 to 50 miles, south of Medina and south of Mecca. The name Tihāmah, used for the whole plain, is sometimes subdivided into Tihāmat Al-Ḥijāz and Tihāmat ʿAsīr.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stefan Weninger, ed. (2011), Semitic languages: an international handbook, Berlin / Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-5217-7933-3.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman (2002). The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet. Darussalam Publications. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Habriel, Richard A. (2005). Muhammad, Islams first Great general. Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Yemen may be divided into five major regions: a coastal plain running north-south known as the Tihāmah (an extension of the Tihāmat ʿAsīr), the western highlands, the central mountains (the Yemen Highlands), the eastern highlands, and finally the eastern and northeastern desert regions.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shawqi Abu Khalil (2004). Atlas on the prophet's Biography. Darussalam. p. 31. ISBN 9-9608-9771-0. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
It is so called because of its severe heat and lack of wind, from the word At-Taham which refers to extreme heat and lack of wind.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hepper, F.N. (July 1978). "Were There Forests in the Yemen?". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 9 (1979): 65–71. JSTOR 41223217.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrington, Spencer P. M. (December 10, 1997), Yemeni Megaliths, Archaeology, the Archaeological Institute of America
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thesieger, Wilfred (1947). "A Journey Through the Tihama, the 'Asir, and the Hijaz Mountains". The Geographical Journal. 110 (4/6). The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): 188–200. Bibcode:1947GeogJ.110..188T. doi:10.2307/1789949. JSTOR 1789949.
External links
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