Toa-kai
Template:Short description Template:Short description
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| Founded | 1948 |
|---|---|
| Founded by | Hisayuki Machii |
| Founding location | Ginza, Tokyo, Japan |
| Years active | 1948–present |
| Membership Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.(est.) | 20[1] |
| LeaderTemplate:Pluralize from text | Yasushi Hayano |
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The Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is a yakuza syndicate based in Tokyo. Originally named the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., with its historic leader Hisayuki Machii, the Toa-kai was deeply involved in the history of Tokyo's South Korean community and Japan's anti-communist circles in the 20th century.
History
The group was formed by Hisayuki Machii, a Zainichi Korean mob boss,[2] as the Tosei-kai in 1948.[3] The Tosei-kai was originally a reported far-right organization of anti-communist activism[2] led by Machii as a sympathizer of Kanji Ishiwara,[4] which was in conflict with the North Korea-associated General Association of Korean Residents in Japan.[2]
The Tosei-kai quickly became one of Tokyo's most powerful gangs,[3] and had significantly expanded during the time of the post-war economic growth. Membership reached 1,500 in the 1960s.[2] As the leader of the syndicate, Machii became an essential "fixer" between Japan and South Korea.[5]
Increasing police crackdowns by 1965 forced Machii to disband the Tosei-kai and establish a new gang, the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., or "East Asia Friendship Enterprise Association". He also formed a "legitimate" company called the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., or East Asia Enterprises Company, and named power-broker Yoshio Kodama as chairman of the board.[6] Afterwards, the Toa Yuai Jigyo Kumiai changed the name as Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and Toa-kai.
The founder Machii retired in the 1980s,[5] and died of heart failure on September 14, 2002, in Tokyo. Also known as a successful businessman, he was 79.[7]
Condition
The Toa-kai is a member of a bakuto fraternal federation named the Kanto Hatsuka-kai, along with four other Kanto-based yakuza syndicates, the Sumiyoshi-kai, the Inagawa-kai, the Matsuba-kai, and the Soai-kai.[8] The Toa-kai has aligned itself with the largest known Yamaguchi-gumi syndicate since the syndicate's Taoka era in the 20th century,[2] and has been closely supported by Shinobu Tsukasa, the sixth-generation godfather of the Yamaguchi-gumi, since 2005 when the sixth era of the Yamaguchi-gumi officially started.[8]
Okinawa
The Toa-kai's notable branch organizations include the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[9] Yoshimi-Kogyo was dissolved in 2012.
The origin of the Yoshimi-kogyo reportedly traces back to the late 20th century, when Toshio Gibo, an ethnic Okinawan mobster, formed an anti-left nationalist organization named the Makoto-kai in Okinawa under influence of Yoshio Kodama. Gibo met with Machii through Kodama, founding an affiliate of the Tosei-kai in Okinawa.[4]
Okinawa's underworld has been known for its exclusiveness since the 20th century, where the dominating Kyokuryu-kai has persistently attacked and violently expelled any yakuza syndicate attempting to enter the island. The reason why the Toa-kai has been able to be active on the island may be because the group has historically been more oriented to legitimate businesses, and of its gentle stance, in contrast to other yakuza syndicates which have attempted to expand their influences into Okinawa with heavy violence, such as the Yamaguchi-gumi and especially the Dojin-kai. For example, in 2002 in Okinawa, only one Yoshimi member was arrested, while 56 Kyokuryu-kai members and 95 Okinawa Kyokuryu-kai members were arrested.[10]
Leadership
- 1st President: Hisayuki Machii
- 2nd president: Fujimatsu Hirano
- 3rd president: Morihiro Okita
- 4th president: Shohei Futamura
- 5th president: Yoshio Kaneumi
- 6th president: Yasumi Hayano
References
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- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20220515172947/https://www.fnn.jp/articles/-/360162
- ^ a b c d e "Overview of a 'heretic' of post-war history", April 2009, The Facta Magazine Template:In lang
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Kaplan_228was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Review : The Man Called the Wild Bull : 'Tosei-kai' Hisayuki Machii's Post-war History" Script error: No such module "webarchive"., March 2009, Shin'ichi Sano, Shinchosha Template:In lang
- ^ a b "Hisayuki Machii - Top 10 Real-Life Mob Bosses", 20 January 2011, TIME
- ^ Yakuza: Japan's criminal underworld, p.229, 2003, David E. Kaplan and Alec Dubro, Template:ISBN
- ^ "Mr. Hisayuki Machii passes away", 21 September 2002, 47 News, Kyodo Template:In lang
- ^ a b "The Yamaguchi-gumi Bakuhu theory", Kenji Ino, 17 December 2007 Template:In lang
- ^ "Boryokudan Expulsion Manual" Script error: No such module "webarchive"., July 2011, Okinawa Prefectural Police Template:In lang
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."中止命令24件に/暴対法以来2番目 - 琉球新報 - 沖縄の新聞、地域のニュース". ryukyushimpo.jp. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
