Tocharian B
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| Tocharian B | |
|---|---|
| Kuchean | |
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| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Tocharian inscription "This Buddha was painted by the hand of Sanketava." | |
| Native to | Kucha |
| Region | Tarim Basin |
| Ethnicity | Tocharians |
| Extinct | 850 AD[1] |
Indo-European
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Early form | |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | txb |
xtb Tocharian B | |
| Glottolog | tokh1243 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Tocharian languages A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC), with the areas of the squares proportional to population.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Tocharian B, also known as Kuchean or West Tocharian, was a Western member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct from the ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia, Tocharian B shows an internal chronological development; three linguistic stages have been detected.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The oldest stage is attested only in Kucha. There is also the middle ('classicalʼ), and the late stage.[2]
Nomenclature
According to Peyrot, the self-designation for the language was kuśi 'Kuča'.[3] In scholarly works, it is known as Tocharian B, sometimes referred to as West Tocharian or Kuchean.[4]
Overview
According to scholar Michael Peyrot, Tocharian B is dated between the 5th and 10th centuries AD, and was spread from Kuča to Yānqi and Turfan.[5] Paul Widmer, following Tamai's and Adams's studies, situates Tocharian B roughly between 400 and 1200, its oldest layer dating from ca. 400 to 600, around "Kucha and environs".[6]
Documentation
According to J. H. W. Penney, Tocharian B is reported to be documented as Buddhist religious literature, and as secular material "pertaining to everyday life".[7]
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The ASJP Database - Wordlist Tocharian B". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-05-27.
extinct since 850
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peyrot, Michaël (2015). "Tocharian Language". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 83. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.006.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. p. 351. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
- ^ Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 83. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.006.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Widmer, Paul (2017). "79. The dialectology of Tocharian". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics (PDF). pp. 1392–1393. doi:10.1515/9783110523874-034. ISBN 978-3-11-052387-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Penney, J. H. W. (2017). "74. The documentation of Tocharian". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. p. 1299. doi:10.1515/9783110523874-029. ISBN 978-3-11-052387-4.
Bibliography
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- Studies
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Penney, J. H. W. (2017). "74. The documentation of Tocharian". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. pp. 1298–1303. doi:10.1515/9783110523874-029. ISBN 978-3-11-052387-4.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peyrot, Michaël (2008). Variation and change in Tocharian B. doi:10.1163/9789004358218. ISBN 978-90-04-35821-8.
- Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 83–101. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers"..
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Widmer, Paul (2017). "79. The dialectology of Tocharian". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics (PDF). pp. 1389–1396. doi:10.1515/9783110523874-034. ISBN 978-3-11-052387-4.
- Tocharian literature
- Lundysheva, Olga and Maue, Dieter. "An Old Uyghur text fragment related to the Tocharian B “History of Kuchean kings”". In: Religion and State in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Friedensau, Germany, August 18–23, 2019. Edited by Oliver Corff, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110730562-010
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peyrot, Michaël; Wilkens, Jens (September 2014). "Two Tocharian B fragments parallel to the Hariścandra-Avadāna of the Old Uyghur Daśakarmapathāvadānamālā". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 67 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1556/aorient.67.2014.3.6. JSTOR 90004169.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilkens, Jens; Pinault, Georges-Jean; Peyrot, Michaël (March 2014). "A tocharian B parallel to the legend of kalmāṣapāda and sutasoma of the old uyghur daśakarmapathāvadānamālā". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 67 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1556/aorient.67.2014.1.1. JSTOR 90004088.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
Further reading
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adams, Douglas Q. (July 1983). "Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary II: Words Pertaining to the Lower Limbs in Tocharian B". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 103 (3): 611–613. doi:10.2307/602042. JSTOR 602042.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adams, Douglas Q. (October 1983). "Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary III: Three Tocharian B Terms for Parts of the Upper Body". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 103 (4): 759–760. doi:10.2307/602235. JSTOR 602235.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adams, Douglas Q. (April 1986). "Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 106 (2): 339–341. doi:10.2307/601599. JSTOR 601599.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arndt, Walter W.; Brosman Jr., Paul W.; Coenen, Frederic E.; Friedrich, Werner P., eds. (1967). "On the Interrelationship of the Tocharian Dialects". Studies in Historical Linguistics in Honor of George Sherman Lane: Festschrift for George S. Lane (PDF). Vol. 58. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 105–134. doi:10.1353/book.75772. hdl:20.500.12657/39808. ISBN 978-1-4696-5703-5. JSTOR 10.5149/9781469657035_arndt.13.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chao-Jung; 慶昭蓉; Enami Kazuyuki; 江南和幸; Okada Yoshihiro; 岡田至弘 (2020). "Paper in Eighth-Century Kucha: Discovery of Cotton Fibres within Chinese and Kuchean Documents". Central Asiatic Journal. 63 (1–2): 71. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.63.1-2.0071. S2CID 236875646.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chen; 陳瑞翾 (2018). "Vignettes of Buddhist Asceticism: Jottings on Six Fragments in Tocharian B". Central Asiatic Journal. 61 (2): 217. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.61.2.0217. S2CID 198766202.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hilmarsson, Jörundur (1988). "West Tocharian lyauto 'hole, opening' and related words". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 101 (1): 166–169. JSTOR 40848921.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kim, Ronald I. (2009). "Another Look at Tocharian B ṣarya". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 122: 111–117. doi:10.13109/hisp.2009.122.1.111. JSTOR 41430701.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malzahn, Melanie (2012). "Now you see it, now you don't – Bewegliches -o in Tocharisch B". Multilingualism and History of Knowledge, Vol. 2: Linguistic Developments Along the Silkroad: Archaism and Innovation in Tocharian. Vol. 12. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 33–82. doi:10.2307/j.ctt3fgk5q.5. ISBN 978-3-7001-7304-5. JSTOR j.ctt3fgk5q.5.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ogihara, Hirotoshi (2018). "Two Fragments of Tocharian B laissez-passers Kept in the Berlin Collection". Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains. pp. 33–45. doi:10.1163/9789004362253_004. ISBN 978-90-04-36222-2.
- Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Surveying the Tocharian B Lexicon". In: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, vol. 114, no. 2, 2019, pp. 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2019-0030
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stumpf, Peter (1976). "Westtocharisch se-seṃ: zwei Paradigmen oder nur eines?". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 90 (1/2): 114–127. JSTOR 40848492.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Winter, Werner (October 1955). "A Linguistic Classification of 'Tocharian' B Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 75 (4): 216–225. doi:10.2307/595385. JSTOR 595385.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Winter, Werner (August 1961). "Lexical Interchange between 'Tocharian' A and B". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 81 (3): 271–280. doi:10.2307/595658. JSTOR 595658.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woolner, A. C. (1925). "Sanskrit Names of Drugs in Kuchean". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 57 (4): 623–638. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00168807. JSTOR 25220813. S2CID 162418763.
